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The cosmology and historical interpretations of Im
the cosmology and historical interpretations of immanuel velikovsky
mercury is the first planet from the sun and then come venus, earth, mars,
jupiter, saturn and the remaining planets. modern astronomers have recently
postulated that this may not be the original order of the solar system.
theoretical discussions have been made about our moon having been formed as a
planet inside the orbit of mercury and about mercury having been a moon of
venus. however it was assumed and widely taught as general knowledge that
all of the planets were formed in their present orbits several billion years
ago in a slow, continuous process of gravitational accumulation of matter.
orbital changes of planets were suggested by velikovsky in the early 1950's
at a time when such suggestions were considered heresy.
in 1945, velikovsky published a booklet titled- theses for the reconstruc-
tion of ancient history- which was amplified in 1952 into the book- ages in
chaos. it had become obvious to him that the description of the plagues of
the biblical exodus and the disruptions at the end of the middle kingdom were
the result of actual natural cataclysms. two questions then arose- how
widespread were these events and what caused them?
velikovsky examined text from the histories and so-called mythologies of many
of the ancient cultures. he started with the regions adjacent to egypt and
israel and quickly discovered that the events were seen through- out the
middle east. investigation of other areas revealed that many locations in
the world seemed to have created the same "mythology" about these events at
the same time in history. it was clear that a global catastrophe occurred
near 1450 b.c., but it was not the first or the last.
velikovsky noted that abundant ancient literature indicates that saturn was
once disrupted and became a nova. the planet expelled debris, some of which
was absorbed by jupiter and some of which eventually encountered the earth
and other planets. subsequent to the observations of saturn, the ancient
astronomers recorded that a body had been ejected from jupiter, interacting
with other bodies in the solar system until it acquired a stable orbit and
became known as venus. hence, the ancient "mythological" claim that a
planetary deity representing venus sprang forth from the head of jupiter.
venus orbited the sun for hundreds of years before it was in a position to
encounter the earth. the first encounter occurred around 1450 b. c. and
created the natural catastrophes associated historically with the exodus.
similar descriptions are found in the writings of other ancient cultures.
great earthquakes and tidal waves occurred. volcanoes erupted and meteorites
fell. the atmosphere was polluted not only with volcanic ash, but with
material created by the interaction of the earth's atmosphere and the
elongated comet-like tail of venus. this pollution caused partial darkness
for an extended period. cities and nations were destroyed. mass migrations
took place as people searched for locations that had not been devastated.
fifty two years after the first venus event a second one is recorded in the
ancient writings although this one did not appear to be as devastating as the
first. venus continued to appear to be threatening the earth about every
fifty-two years, but there were no more exceptionally close approaches to
earth. however, about the ninth century b.c., venus encountered the planet
mars, perturbing it into an orbit which then caused mars to endanger the
earth. mars had encounters with earth around 776, 747, 717, 702 and 687 b.c.
these encounters were also adjusting the orbits of these bodies so that after
687 b.c. mars and earth were closer to their present stable orbits and the
body ejected from jupiter acquired its present position and became venus.
during the first earth-venus encounter, the earth entered into the extended
atmosphere of venus, and the particles became larger. soon meteorites were
abundant. contemporary concepts of hebrew history leave the impression that
the "hail" which fell on egypt was the type of hail now associated with
spring rains. however, the original word "barad" means hot rocks.
along with the "hail" of rocks falling, a blazing sticky substance fell from
the sky. velikovsky cited numerous instances of ancient references to a time
when the "water of fire", "fire rain", or a fiery, sticky liquid fell from
the sky and caused great destruction. evidence is given from the popol-vuh
of the quiche maya, annals of cuauh- titlan, book of exodus, and the
midrashim, as well as from stories of the mythologies of siberia and of the
east indies. the descriptions all indicate that carbon-hydrogen constituents
of the tail and atmosphere of venus were combining in the upper earth's
atmosphere and precipitating into petroleum compounds.
as venus and earth had a close encounter, gigantic earthquakes occurred.
according to the ipuwer papyrus, "the towns are destroyed upper egypt has
become waste..all is ruin". velikovsky also cited a description in the
mexican annals which mentions a catastrophe accompanied by a hurricane and
earthquake. since many egyptian soldiers were killed, the hebrews seized
upon the opportunity as a reasonable chance for escape, and thus left egypt.
mars was not an important deity before ninth century b.c. people knew of
mars and observed its motions, but it was not considered to be all that
significant. suddenly, around the ninth century, mars became the war god,
the dreaded planet. why the sudden change?
although mars encountered the earth more times than venus, mars was much less
destructive. its mass is one tenth that of earth's whereas venus is close to
earth in mass. consequently, records of the events are not as impressive.
many ancient records and biblical references of the period tell of ongoing
geological and astrological anomalies. isaiah, joel and micah predicted a
number of catastrophes based upon the periodicity of the approach of mars.
there is evidence that on one occasion the sundial changed about 10 degrees.
velikovsky demonstrates that the evidence indicates that the terrestrial axis
shifted or was tilted. this story told in the traditions of many peoples of
a day in which the "sunset was hastened". it appears that mars passed close
to the earth, moving in the same direction on its rnocturnal side.
in 1960, w. h. mccrea, president of the royal astronomical society, published
a theoretical argument that no planet could have formed from a solar nebula
any closer to the sun than the orbit of jupiter. later j. g. hills attempted
to show that no planet could initially have formed outside the orbit of
saturn. between the appearances of these papers, h. alfven, who later
received the nobel prize in physics, theorized that the giant planets may
have been formed before the terrestri- al (smaller) planets. within a very
few years at least three respected scientists argued that all the planets
need have been formed neither at the same time nor in their present orbits.
in 1961, r. a. lyttleton, a noted british cosmologist published his own
conclusion that the terrestrial planets must have erupted from the giant
planets. he said that under certain conditions a large planet formed near
jupiter's present orbit would rotate very rapidly as a consequence of
conserving the angular momentum of all accreted matter. it would eventually
become unstable and be forced to disrupt into two very unequal pieces.
an exceedingly high rate of rotation could supply the energy needed to expel
a large body from jupiter. jupiter rotates in just under 10 hours. its mass
is about 318 times that of the earth and its radius is slightly over 11 times
that of the earth. additional energy supplied to the force of rotation by
the near encounter with saturn, as reported in ancient texts, would have been
sufficient to fracture and tear out a portion of jupiter's mass.
velikovsky maintained that jupiter must be more active than accepted theories
stated and that it would be found to be emitting radio noise. radio noise
from jupiter is a subject about which albert einstein and velikovsky had many
discussions. einstein felt that space must be free of magnetic fields and
plasmas and that there would thus be no reason for jupiter to emit radio
waves. most astronomers shared this viewpoint, and no attempt was made to
examine the possibility of radio noise from jupiter.
however, in 1955, burke and franklin discovered radio noise from jupiter.
einstein was so impressed with the discovery that he offered to assist
velikovsky in having other investigations performed. but it was too late;
einstein died the next week. a copy of -worlds in collision- was found open
on his desk.
if jupiter ejected a large object, this would lead one reasonably to expect
that a structural defect would be left in the planet. velikovsky suggests
that one of the most prominent characteristics of jupiter, its red spot, is
an atmospheric effect related to the scar where venus was ejected.
because of the theoretical and observational support for a theory of the type
presented by velikovsky, a growing number of authorities in various fields
are taking a new look at the evidence. enough information now exists to show
that his ideas are worthy of continued study.
excerpted from the book: the age of velikovsky by c. j. ransom, kronos press,
1976, paperback: delta books, 1976
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