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A good file on telco trunks
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the complete guide to telephone
system wiring as applied to
residential and buisness
trunking and wiring
written by agent steal 02/10/87
please note that the information contained in this article is based on so.
california pac bell methods. however many simularities will exsist in other
telco systems.
------------------
residential wiring
------------------
lets start with apartments first. this is done one of three ways.
(1) one four conductor wire going from your apt to your distribution
block..
(2) multi conductor wire loops through apt meeting back where it started
(junction box in apt) where it connects with a 4-6 connector wire which then
goes to distro block..
(3) multi conduc wire whichs starts in one apt,loops through a couple more
apts then goes to the distro. if your bldg uses this method you can tap into
other residents line by opening up your box in your apt and hooking to
another pair.
houses are wired many different ways since just about anybody may have
done it. when the line leaves the house it can either go underground or to a
pole.
------------------
distribution boxes
------------------
these are the same in apts and buisnesses. there will be two sets of push
pull connector blocks. each having 50 rows of connectors (25 prs) most are 4
connectors wide. the 1st two are connected together as with the 2nd two.
these blocks can handle up to 50 lines,25 on the left and 25 on the right.
one line is two wires.
sample block:
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
1 would be connected to 2, 3 would be connected to 4 etc. you could find a
line across 1-5, you would find the same line across 1-5 and 2-6 you would
find another line across 3-7 and 4-8 1-5 and 4-8 would be wires going out.
2-6 and 3-7 would be wires coming in. this type of block is designed to have
only 1 wire per connector.
now that you are totally confused we can move on.
as i mentioned earlier there is usually 2 rows of blocks. normally the
block on the right is the trunk coming in from telco and the block on the
left is the lines coming in from the apartments. so there will be jumper
wires connected between the blocks. this way your apt can be connected to any
of the pairs on the trunk coming from telco. get it?
sometimes in larger buildings there are several trunks which split off a
main trunk to go to distro blocks on every floor. the split splice is usually
sealed.
other times the main trunk connector block is 8 wide instead of 4 and so
is the distro block. in this case 50 conn wires attach to the distro and go
to another closet on another floor where theres a 50 by 4 distro block. it
can get complicated but once you know the basics youll get it. and im not
even going to get into pbx wiring!
in areas where there are small buisnesses and homes you will find small
green boxes sticking up out of the ground where individual lines splice to
small trunks. also you will find silver boxes mounted on poles where overhead
lines splice to small trunks.
sometimes in small buisness areas there will be a box mounted on the out-
side of the building where the bldgs wiring connects to sub trunks or
individual lines going to the pole. these boxes are usually unlocked and the
bldg wiring usually connects directly to the telco wires on the same terminal.
somewhere near the distribution box you will find lightning protectors.
these come in many forms but they are all based on a carbon conductor that
will explode if too much voltage goes through it.
--------------
bridging heads
--------------
after the trunk leaves it can do several different things depending on size
and location. it could, go underground then go straight to the bridging head.
go under ground, up a pole, back underground then to the head. go straight
to a pole,maybe splice into another trunk,go underground then to the head.
it all depends on what the lineman felt like doing that day.
i should mention that all the trunks up to this point are sub-trunks.
these subs connect to the main trunk in the bridging head. main trunks
usually consist of 600 pairs and are gas pressurized to keep moisture out.
bridging heads come in various sizes and styles. sometimes they are locked
but not to difficult to open. in my area there are nothing but spiders and
lots of wire in them. no reference to whats what. the trunk # is written in
them somewhere and all the terminals are numbered. when a lineman comes out
to connect service he has a long code that is a reference to exactly what
terminal is what. this # is kept on file in the telco comp.(cosmos).this # is
probally the only way you can find a line in a head. unless you want to go
through every line. lineman also have maps of all the trunks and where they
go and terminate. heads are simular to distro blocks. the row of terminals
on the right are the lines going to telco (trunk). the terminals on the left
are all the lines going to customers (sub-trunks).there will be patch wires
between the two. same as before.
sometimes you can find service work orders in the head. from these you can
get an idea of how the # system is set up. there is a number lineman can call
and ask for these codes. some of the heads flip open or down. this is where
the sub trunks and trunks attach to terminal blocks. many times there will
be writing in the head indicating what terminal #s the trunks attach to.
usually next to the head you will find a bell system man hole cover. beneath
this you will find a room often with a foot of water in it. in this room is
where cable splices are done. these splices are sealed and pressurized. also
the sub trunks run through here before going up to the head. wires inside of
main trunks are not labeled and uncolored. before a trunk comes up to a head
it is spliced into a multi-colored trunk so the pairs can be identified.
these rooms are connected to other rooms via several small pipes in which the
trunks are run. when a trunk goes bad it can be pulled out of the pipe and
replaced. sometimes instead of a manhole youll find a square steel plate
covering a small room about a foot deep where a splice is.
couple more things. several trunks can terminate in a head, or just one.
sometimes there is no head,just a trunk splice and the trunks goes
directly to the distro box. a trunk or several trunks can serve a building
with out going to a head. this happens in large office builings.
a trunk can have only 1 head on its path or several,depending on how many
customers are in that area. ive seen heads with up to 2400 prs of terminals.
that would be 1200 lines. all trunks terminate at a central or end office.
and thats another file!
-------credits -------
I have to thank phucked agent 04 for writing the first article of this
kind in 1984. it was his file that helped me to first understand telco
wiring, and also to lineman miller whoes truck I stole!
Happy Phreaking
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