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Information about a TCP wrapper
NOTICE: TO ALL CONCERNED Certain text files and messages contained on this site deal with activities and devices which would be in violation of various Federal, State, and local laws if actually carried out or constructed. The webmasters of this site do not advocate the breaking of any law. Our text files and message bases are for informational purposes only. We recommend that you contact your local law enforcement officials before undertaking any project based upon any information obtained from this or any other web site. We do not guarantee that any of the information contained on this system is correct, workable, or factual. We are not responsible for, nor do we assume any liability for, damages resulting from the use of any information on this site.
TCP WRAPPER
Network monitoring, access control, and booby
traps.
Wietse Venema
Mathematics and Computing Science
Eindhoven University of Technology
The Netherlands
[email protected].nl
Abstract
This paper presents a simple tool to monitor and control
incoming network traffic. The tool has been successfully
used for shielding off systems and for detection of cracker
activity. It has no impact on legal computer users, and does
not require any change to existing systems software or con-
figuration files. The tool has been installed world-wide on
numerous UNIX systems without any source code change.
1. Our pet.
The story begins about two years ago. Our university was
under heavy attack by a Dutch computer cracker who again and
again managed to acquire root privilege. That alone would
have been nothing more than an annoyance, but this indivi-
dual was very skilled at typing the following command
sequence:
rm -rf /
For those with no UNIX experience: this command, when exe-
cuted at a sufficiently high privilege level (like root), is
about as destructive as the MS-DOS format command. Usually,
the damage could be repaired from backup tapes, but every
now and then people still lost a large amount of work.
Though we did have very strong indications about the
cracker's identity I cannot disclose his name. We did give
him a nickname, though: "our pet"1.
_________________________
1. Like hond (dog), kat (cat), and muis (mouse).
July 15, 1992
- 2 -
2. The cracker is watching us.
The destructive behavior of the cracker made it very hard to
find out what was going on: the rm -rf removed all traces
very effectively. One late night I noticed that the cracker
was watching us over the network. He did this by frequently
making contact with our finger network service, which gives
information about users. Services such as finger do not
require a password, and almost never keep a record of their
use. That explains why all his fingering activity had
remained unnoticed.
The natural reaction would be to shut down the finger net-
work service. I decided, however, that it would be more
productive to maintain the service and to find out where the
finger requests were coming from.
3. A typical UNIX TCP/IP networking implementation.
In order to explain the problem and its solution I will
briefly summarize a typical UNIX implementation of the
TCP/IP network services. Experts will forgive me when I
make a few simplifications.
Almost every application of the TCP/IP protocols is based on
a client-server model. For example, when someone uses the
telnet command to connect to a host, a telnet server process
is started on the target host. The server process connects
the user to a login process. A few examples are shown in
table 1.
client server application
________________________________
telnet telnetd remote login
ftp ftpd file transfer
finger fingerd show users
systat systatd show users
Table 1. Examples of TCP/IP client-server pairs and
their applications.
The usual approach is to run one daemon process that waits
for all kinds of incoming network connections. Whenever a
connection is established this daemon (usually called inetd)
runs the appropriate server program and goes back to sleep,
waiting for other connections.
4. The "tcp wrapper" trick.
Back to the original problem: how to get the name of the
host that the cracker was spying from. At first sight, this
would require changes to existing network software. There
were a few problems, though:
July 15, 1992
- 3 -
---------
----------------- (ftp)-----| i |
user---| telnet client |----(telnet)--| n |
----------------- . | e |
. | t |
(finger)--| d |
---------
Figure 1. The inetd daemon process listens on the ftp,
telnet etc. network ports and waits for incoming con-
nections. The figure shows that a user has connected to
the telnet port.
----------------- ----------------- ---------
user---| telnet client |------| telnet server |----| login |
----------------- ----------------- ---------
Figure 2. The inetd process has started a telnet
server process that connects the user to a login pro-
cess. Meanwhile, inetd waits for other incoming con-
nections.
o We did not have a source license for the Ultrix, SunOS
and other UNIX implementations on our systems. And no,
we did not have those sources either.
o The Berkeley network sources (from which most of the
commercial UNIX TCP/IP network implementations are
derived) were available, but porting these to our
environments would require an unknown amount of work.
Fortunately, there was a simple solution that did not
require any change to existing software, and that turned out
to work on all UNIX systems that I tried it on. The trick
was to make a swap: move the vendor-provided network server
programs to another place, and install a trivial program in
the original place of the network server programs. Whenever
a connection was made, the trivial program would just record
the name of the remote host, and then run the original net-
work server program.
----------------- -----------------
user---| telnet client |------| tcp wrapper |---> logfile
----------------- -----------------
Figure 3. The original telnet server program has been
moved to some other place, and the tcp wrapper has tak-
en its place. The wrapper logs the name of the remote
host to a file.
July 15, 1992
- 4 -
----------------- ----------------- ---------
user---| telnet client |------| telnet server |----| login |
----------------- ----------------- ---------
Figure 4. The tcp wrapper program has started the real
telnet server and no longer participates. The user can-
not notice any difference.
The first tcp wrapper version was just a few lines of code
that I had carefully copied from some old network daemon
source. Because it did not exchange any information with
the client or server processes, the same tcp wrapper version
could be used for many types of network service.
Although I could install the wrapper only on a dozen systems
it was an immediate success. Figure 5 gives an early exam-
ple.
May 21 14:06:53 tuegate: systatd: connect from monk.rutgers.edu
May 21 16:08:45 tuegate: systatd: connect from monk.rutgers.edu
May 21 16:13:58 trf.urc: systatd: connect from monk.rutgers.edu
May 21 18:38:17 tuegate: systatd: connect from ap1.eeb.ele.tue.nl
May 21 23:41:12 tuegate: systatd: connect from mcl2.utcs.utoronto.ca
May 21 23:48:14 tuegate: systatd: connect from monk.rutgers.edu
May 22 01:08:28 tuegate: systatd: connect from HAWAII-EMH1.PACOM.MIL
May 22 01:14:46 tuewsd: fingerd: connect from HAWAII-EMH1.PACOM.MIL
May 22 01:15:32 tuewso: fingerd: connect from HAWAII-EMH1.PACOM.MIL
May 22 01:55:46 tuegate: systatd: connect from monk.rutgers.edu
May 22 01:58:33 tuegate: systatd: connect from monk.rutgers.edu
May 22 02:00:14 tuewsd: fingerd: connect from monk.rutgers.edu
May 22 02:14:51 tuegate: systatd: connect from RICHARKF-TCACCIS.ARMY.MIL
May 22 02:19:45 tuewsd: fingerd: connect from RICHARKF-TCACCIS.ARMY.MIL
May 22 02:20:24 tuewso: fingerd: connect from RICHARKF-TCACCIS.ARMY.MIL
May 22 14:43:29 tuegate: systatd: connect from monk.rutgers.edu
May 22 15:08:30 tuegate: systatd: connect from monk.rutgers.edu
May 22 15:09:19 tuewse: fingerd: connect from monk.rutgers.edu
May 22 15:14:27 tuegate: telnetd: connect from cumbic.bmb.columbia.edu
May 22 15:23:06 tuegate: systatd: connect from cumbic.bmb.columbia.edu
May 22 15:23:56 tuewse: fingerd: connect from cumbic.bmb.columbia.edu
Figure 5. Some of the first cracker connections ob-
served with the tcp wrapper program. Each connection is
recorded with: time stamp, the name of the local host,
the name of the requested service (actually, the net-
work server process name), and the name of the remote
host. The examples show that the cracker not only used
dial-up terminal servers (such as monk.rutgers.edu),
but also that he had broken into military (.MIL) and
university (.EDU) computer systems.
July 15, 1992
- 5 -
The cracker literally bombarded our systems with finger and
systat requests. These allowed him to see who was on our
systems. Every now and then he would make a telnet connec-
tion, presumably to make a single login attempt and to
disconnect immediately, so that no "repeated login failure"
would be reported to the systems console.
Thus, while the cracker thought he was spying on us we could
from now on see where he was. This was a major improvement
over the past, when we only knew something had happened
after he had performed his rm -rf act.
My initial fear was that we would be swamped by logfile
information and that there would be too much noise to find
the desired signal. Fortunately, the cracker was easy to
recognize:
o He often worked at night, when there is little other
activity.
o He would often make a series of connections to a number
of our systems. By spreading his probes he perhaps
hoped to hide his activities. However, by merging the
logs from several systems it was actually easier to see
when the cracker was in the air.
o No-one else used the systat service.
In the above example, one of the systat connections came
from a system within our university: ap1.eeb.ele.tue.nl,
member of a ring of Apollo workstations. Attempts to alert
their system administrator were in vain: one week later all
their file systems were wiped out. The backups were between
one and two years old, so the damage was extensive.
5. First extension: access control.
I will not go into a discussion on the pros and cons of
publicly-accessible terminal servers with world-wide inter-
net access, but it is clear that any traces that originated
from such a system would be useless for our purposes: we
would need cooperation from US and Dutch telephone com-
panies, from the administrators of those terminal servers,
and so on.
The best thing to do was to refuse connections from open
terminal servers, so that the cracker could reach us only
after breaking into a regular user account. Our hope was
that the would leave some useful traces, so that we would
get to know him a little better.
I built a simple access-control mechanism into the tcp
wrapper. Whenever a connection from a terminal server
showed up in the logs, all traffic from that system would be
July 15, 1992
- 6 -
blocked on our side, and we would ask the responsible
administrators to do the same on their side. Sometimes it
even worked. Figure 6 gives a snapshot of our access-
control files.
/etc/hosts.allow:
in.ftpd: ALL
/etc/hosts.deny:
ALL: terminus.lcs.mit.edu hilltop.rutgers.edu monk.rutgers.edu
ALL: comserv.princeton.edu lewis-sri-gw.army.mil
ALL: ruut.cc.ruu.nl 131.211.112.44
ALL: tip-gsbi.stanford.edu
ALL: tip-quada.stanford.edu
ALL: s101-x25.stanford.edu
ALL: tip-cdr.stanford.edu
ALL: tip-cromemaa.stanford.edu
ALL: tip-cromembb.stanford.edu
ALL: tip-forsythe.stanford.edu
Figure 6. Sample access-control files. The first file
describes which (service, host) combinations are al-
lowed. In this example, the ftp file transfer service
is granted to all systems.
The second file describes which of the remaining (ser-
vice, host) combinations are disallowed. In this exam-
ple, an ever-growing list of open terminal servers is
refused access.
(service, host) pairs that are not matched by any of
the access-control files are always allowed.
6. Our turn: watching the cracker.
Now that the cracker could no longer attack us from
publicly-accessible terminal servers, all he could do was to
break into a regular user account and proceed from there.
That is exactly what he did. The next step was to find out
what user accounts were involved.
I quickly cobbled together something that would consult a
table of "bad" sites and send a finger and systat probe
whenever one made a connection to us. Now we would be able
to watch the cracker just like he had been watching us.
July 15, 1992
- 7 -
During the next months I identified several broken-into
accounts. Each time I would send a notice to the system
administrators, and a copy to CERT2 to keep them informed of
our progress.
Jan 30 04:55:09 tuegate: telnetd: connect from guzzle.Stanford.EDU
Jan 30 05:10:02 svin01: fingerd: connect from guzzle.Stanford.EDU
Jan 30 05:17:57 svin01: fingerd: connect from guzzle.Stanford.EDU
Jan 30 05:18:24 svin01: fingerd: connect from guzzle.Stanford.EDU
Jan 30 05:18:34 svin01: fingerd: connect from guzzle.Stanford.EDU
Jan 30 05:18:38 svin01: fingerd: connect from guzzle.Stanford.EDU
Jan 30 05:18:44 svin01: fingerd: connect from guzzle.Stanford.EDU
Jan 30 05:21:03 svin01: fingerd: connect from guzzle.Stanford.EDU
Jan 30 05:24:46 tuegate: systatd: connect from guzzle.Stanford.EDU
Jan 30 05:27:20 svin01: fingerd: connect from gloworm.Stanford.EDU
Jan 30 05:33:33 svin01: telnetd: connect from guzzle.Stanford.EDU
Jan 30 05:33:38 svin01: telnetd: connect from guzzle.Stanford.EDU
Jan 30 05:33:41 svin01: telnetd: connect from guzzle.Stanford.EDU
Jan 30 05:33:50 svin01: ftpd: connect from guzzle.Stanford.EDU
Jan 30 05:33:58 svin01: fingerd: connect from math.uchicago.edu
Jan 30 05:34:08 svin01: fingerd: connect from math.uchicago.edu
Jan 30 05:34:54 svin01: fingerd: connect from math.uchicago.edu
Jan 30 05:35:16 svin01: fingerd: connect from guzzle.Stanford.EDU
Jan 30 05:35:36 svin01: fingerd: connect from guzzle.Stanford.EDU
Figure 7. A burst of network activity, most of it from
Stanford.
Wed Jan 30 05:10:08 MET 1991
[guzzle.stanford.edu]
Login name: adrian In real life: Adrian Cooper
Directory: /u0/adrian Shell: /phys/bin/tcsh
On since Jan 29 19:30:18 on ttyp0 from tip-forsythe.Sta
No Plan.
Figure 8. A reverse finger result, showing that only
one user was logged on at the time.
The examples in figures 7 and 8 show activity from a single
user who was logged in on the system guzzle.Stanford.EDU.
The account name is adrian, and the login came in via the
terminal server tip-forsythe.Stanford.EDU. Because of that
terminal server I wasn't too optimistic. Things turned out
to be otherwise.
_________________________
2. Computer Emergency Response Team, an organization that
was called into existence after the Internet worm in-
cident in 1988.
July 15, 1992
- 8 -
CERT suggested that I contact Stephen Hansen of Stanford
university. He had been monitoring the cracker for some
time, and his logs gave an excellent insight into how the
cracker operated. The cracker did not use any black magic:
he knew many system software bugs, and was very persistent
in his attempts to get superuser privilege. Getting into a
system was just a matter of finding an account with a weak
password.
For several months the cracker used Stanford as his home
base to attack a large number of sites. One of his targets
was research.att.com, the AT&T Bell labs gateway. Bill
Cheswick and colleagues even let him in, after setting up a
well-protected environment where they could watch him. This
episode is extensively described in [1].
Unfortunately, the cracker was never arrested. He should
have waited just one year. Instead, the honor was given to
two much less harmful Dutch youngsters, at the end of Febru-
ary, 1992.
7. Second extension: booby traps.
Automatic reverse fingers had proven useful, so I decided to
integrate the "ad hoc" reverse finger tool with the tcp
wrapper. To this end, the access-control language was
extended so that arbitrary shell commands could be speci-
fied.
Now that the decision to execute shell commands was based on
both the service and the host name, it became possible to
automatically detect some types of "suspicious" traffic.
For example: remote access to network services that should
be accessed only from local systems.
Over the past months I had noticed several tftp (trivial
file transfer protocol) requests from far-away sites. This
protocol does not require any password, and it is often used
for downloading systems software to diskless workstations or
to dedicated network hardware. Until a few years ago, the
protocol could also be used to read any file on the system.
For this reason, it is still popular with crackers.
The access-control tables (fig. 9) were set up such that
local tftp requests would be handled in the usual manner.
Remote tftp requests, however, would be refused. Instead of
the requested file, a finger probe would be sent to the
offending host.
The alarm goes off about once every two months. The action
is as usual: send a message to CERT and to the site contact
(never to the broken-into system).
July 15, 1992
- 9 -
/etc/hosts.allow:
in.tftpd: LOCAL, .win.tue.nl
/etc/hosts.deny:
in.tftpd: ALL: /usr/ucb/finger -l @%h 2>&1 | /usr/ucb/mail wswietse
Figure 9. Example of a booby trap on the tftp service.
The entry in the first access-control file says that
tftp connections from hosts within its own domain are
allowed.
The entry in the second file causes the tcp wrapper to
perform a reverse finger in all other cases. The %h se-
quence is replaced by the actual remote host name. The
result is sent to me by electronic mail.
This is an example of recent tftp activity:
Jan 4 18:58:28 svin02 tftpd: refused connect from E40-008-8.MIT.EDU
Jan 4 18:59:45 svin02 tftpd: refused connect from E40-008-8.MIT.EDU
Jan 4 19:01:02 svin02 tftpd: refused connect from E40-008-8.MIT.EDU
Jan 4 19:02:19 svin02 tftpd: refused connect from E40-008-8.MIT.EDU
Jan 4 19:03:36 svin02 tftpd: refused connect from E40-008-8.MIT.EDU
Jan 4 19:04:53 svin02 tftpd: refused connect from E40-008-8.MIT.EDU
Due to the nature of the tftp protocol, the refused request
was repeated every 77 seconds. The retry interval is imple-
mentation dependent and can give some hints about the type
of the remote system.
According to the reverse finger results, only one person was
active at that time: apparently, the login came from a sys-
tem in France.
Login name: mvscott In real life: Mark V Scott
Office: 14S-134, x3-6724
Directory: /mit/mvscott Shell: /bin/csh
On since Jan 4 12:46:44 on ttyp0 from cnam.cnam.fr
12 seconds Idle Time
No Plan.
France told me that the cracker came from a NASA terminal
server (sdcds8.gsfc.nasa.gov):
hyper1 ttyp3 sdcds8.gsfc.nasa Sat Jan 4 17:51 - 20:47 (02:55)
July 15, 1992
- 10 -
Evidently, this person liked to cross the Atlantic a lot:
from NASA to France, from France to MIT, and from MIT to the
Netherlands.
The example in this section gives only a limited illustra-
tion of the use of booby traps. Booby traps can be much more
useful when installed on firewall systems [2], whose primary
purpose is to separate an organizational network from the
rest of the world. A typical firewall system provides only a
limited collection of network services to the outer world,
for example: telnet and smtp. By placing booby traps on the
remaining network ports one can implement an effective
early-warning system [1].
8. Conclusions.
The tcp wrapper is a simple but effective tool for monitor-
ing and controlling network activity. Our FTP logs show that
it has been installed in almost every part of the world, and
that it is being picked up almost every day.
To briefly recapitulate the essential features of the tool:
o There is no need to modify existing software or confi-
guration files.
o The default configuration is such that the software can
be installed "out of the box" on most UNIX implementa-
tions.
o No impact on legal users.
o The wrapper program does not exchange any data with the
network client or server process, so that the risk of
software bugs is extremely small.
o It is suitable for both TCP (connection oriented) and
UDP (datagram) services that are covered by a central
daemon process such as the inetd.
o Protection against hosts that pretend to have someone
elses name (name server spoofing). This is important
for network services such as rsh and rlogin whose
authentication scheme is based on host names. When a
host name or address mismatch is detected the connec-
tion is dropped even before the access-control files
are consulted.
o The optional access-control facility can be used to
shield off open systems. Network routers can perform a
similar function, but they seldom keep a record of
unwanted traffic. On the other hand, network routers
can be useful to block access to ports that normally
cannot be covered with wrapper-like programs, such as
July 15, 1992
- 11 -
the portmapper, NIS, NFS and X server network ports.
o The booby-trap facility can be used to implement
early-warning systems. This can be especially useful
for so-called firewall computer systems that only pro-
vide a limited set of network services to the outer
world. The remaining network ports can be turned into
booby traps.
Of course, the tcp wrapper is just one of the things I have
set up on our systems: many other trip wires have been
installed as well. Fortunately, I was able to do so before
our present system administrator was installed. In any case,
Dutch crackers seem to think that the systems at Eindhoven
University are reasonably protected.
9. Availability.
Several releases of the tcp wrapper source have featured in
the USENET comp.sources.misc newsgroup. The most recent
version is available from:
ftp.uu.net:/comp.sources.misc/volumexx/log_tcp,
cert.org:/pub/tools/tcp_wrappers/tcp_wrappers.*,
ftp.win.tue.nl:/pub/security/log_tcp.shar.Z.
10. About the author.
Wietse Zweitze Venema studied experimental nuclear physics
at Groningen University. After finishing his Ph.D. disserta-
tion on left-right symmetry in nuclear beta decay he joined
the Mathematics and Computing Science department at the
Eindhoven University of Technology, where he is now a con-
sultant at the division of Operations Research, Statistics
and Systems Theory.
11. References.
[1] W.R. Cheswick, An Evening with Berferd, in Which a
Cracker is Lured, Endured, and Studied. Proceedings of
the Winter USENIX Conference (San Francisco), January
1992.
[2] S. Carl-Mitchell, J.S. Quarterman, Building Internet
Firewalls. UnixWorld, February 1992.
July 15, 1992
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