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A Un*x tutorial part 1
NOTICE: TO ALL CONCERNED Certain text files and messages contained on this site deal with activities and devices which would be in violation of various Federal, State, and local laws if actually carried out or constructed. The webmasters of this site do not advocate the breaking of any law. Our text files and message bases are for informational purposes only. We recommend that you contact your local law enforcement officials before undertaking any project based upon any information obtained from this or any other web site. We do not guarantee that any of the information contained on this system is correct, workable, or factual. We are not responsible for, nor do we assume any liability for, damages resulting from the use of any information on this site.
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" Communication Commands "
Part I
by The Rebel -:TTL:- / Editor of Kcah
Introduction
????????????
I was inspired to write this txt file by the Atomic Toad, who pointed out to
me that the list that I had inserted into " Kcah Volume I " was totally out of
date...
BSD: Berkeley Software Distribution... If it's not AT&T's version of Unix
then you'll be using these commands...
AT&T: American Telephone & Telegraph... Their version of Unix is slightly
different(but,in fact,the first one made) from Berkeley's...
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Basic Unix Commands
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Command Function Mnemonic
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
cat Displays a file. conCATenate
cp Copies a file. CoPy
mv Renames a file or moves it MoVe
within the file structure
rm Removes a file. ReMove
lpr (BSD) Sends a file to the line printer. Line PRinter
lp (AT&T) Sends a file to the line printer. Line Printer
ls Lists the contents of a directory. LiSt
chmod Changes the "mode" or permissions CHange MODe
for files and directories.
pwd Shows what directory you are in. Print Working Directory
cd Moves you to another directory. Change Directory
mkdir Creates a new directory. MaKe DIRectory
rmdir Removes an existing directory ReMove DIRectory
who Shows who is on the system WHO
ps Shows the processes being run. Process Status
man Shows information about a command. MANual
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Control Characters
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Key Function
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
crtl-c Interrupt character. Stops a command currently
being executed. You also use crtl-c to cancel the
the mai message while you are creating it.
crtl-d Removes you from the current environment. You use
crtl-d to exit the mail and mailx editors. From
the main shell prompt($ = Bourn Shell / % = C
Shell) crtl-d logs you off the system.
crtl-h Deletes the previous character. Used while
entering commands and in the mail & mailx editors.
crtl-s The pause key.
crtl-q The un-pause key.
crtl-x Deletes the current line of text being entered.
(Note: crtl-x is not implemented on all systems.)
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Mail-Related Unix Commands
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Command Description
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
mailx (AT&T) Mail program for sending/reading messages.
Mail (BSD) Mail program for sending/reading messages.
uuname Shows which computers the system is connected to.
.mailrc Start-up file for mail. Modify this file to
customize your mail(mailx or Mail) program.
/bin/mail A stone-aged mail program.
write Sends on-line message to another user.
talk Instantaneously sends and receives messages.
mesg Prevents other users from interrupting you with
either the talk or write commands.
chat Another program for sending on-line messages
between users.
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Basic Commands for mailx
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Command Function
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
next msg_list Displays the first essage in the message list msg_list.
If there is no message list, displays the next message.
print msg_list Displays the messages specified by the message list.
type msg_list If there is no message list, displays the current message.
headers msg_list Displays the group of message headers containing the
specified message. If there is no message list, displays
the current group of headers.
z,z+ Displays the next group of message headers.
z- Displays the previous group of message headers.
from msg_list Displays the headers of messages from sends specified by
the message list.
Reply msg_list Both Reply and reply allow you to reply to the message
reply msg_list specified. You are put into the default message
editor(mail or mailx). With Reply, your reply is sent only
to the person who sent you the message. With reply, your
reply is sent to the person who sent you the message and
to every other person that he/she carbon copied[cc(normal
carbon copy) AND bcc(blind carbon copy<blind carbon copy
is where the persons recieving the message do not see the
other carbon copy names in their header>]it to and every
other person on his/her "To:" list.
save msg_list Saves the specified messages to the file named. If no file
filename is named, then messages are saved by default in the file
mbox.
delete msg_list Deletes the specified messages. Deletes all current
messages if there is no message list.
undelete msg_list Restores the specified messages that have been deleted in
the CURRENT mail session(once the mail section has been
left, all those messages are gone for good.)
quit Quits the mailx program and returns you to the shell.
Messages deleted/saved/read in the current session are
removed from your system mailbox
exit,xit Exits the mailx program and returns you to the shell.
Messages that were deleted/saved/read in the current
session are NOT removed from your system mailbox.
? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?
? Shortcuts For Some of the Above Commands ?
? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?
next - n
print - p
type - t
headers - h
from - f
Reply - R
reply - r
save - s
delete - d
undelete - u
quit - q
exit - ex
xit - x
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
mailx/Mail Commands
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Command Abbreviation Meaning
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
!command none Execute the shell command specified by "comand".
# none Comment(e.g.,in .mailrc files).This command is
available only in AT&T's System V.
= none Displays numbers of current message. This
command is available only in AT&T's System V.
? none Displays list of mailx/Mail commands.
- none Displays previous message(e.g., -3 would mean to
back up 3 messages from the current message and
display that message).
alias a Defines a single name for a set of user names.
alternates alt Tells mailx/Mail alternate names for a user
name. With no argument, lists your alternate
names.
chdir cd Change directory. If no argument, changes to
your home directory.
copy co Copies message to a file(or folder). Does not
earmark for deletion when you quit(q) the mail
program.
Copy none Copies message to a file which is named after
the sender of the message. This command is
available only in AT&T's System V.
delete d Deletes messages.
discard none Suppresses display of the specified header
fields when displaying messages. The Print and
Type commands override this command. This
command is equivalent to the ignore command.
This command is available only in AT&T's System
V.
dp or dt none Deletes current message and displays the next
message.
echo none Displays the specified string.
edit e Invokes editor for a given message or messages.
else none Conditionally executes mailx commands. Used with
if.
endif none Marks the end of an if statement. See if.
exit ex,x,xit Leaves mailx/Mail program, retaining all message
in mailbox EXACTLY as at the beginning of the
mail session.
file fi Begins reading a new file of messages.
Special Symbols:
% - current mailbox
%name - mailbox of another user
# - the last file read
& - your mbox
+folder (BSD) - a folder
folder fo Same as file.
folders none List your folders.
followup none Replies to a message. Your reply is saved in a
file named after the original sender of the
message. This command is available only in
AT&T's System V.
Followup none Replies to the first message in a message list.
Your reply is sent to the sender of each message
in the message list and is saved in a file named
after the send of the first message. This
command is available only in AT&T's System V.
from f Displays header lines of message in the message
list specified.
group none Same as alias.
headers h Displays group of header lines containing the
specified message.
help none Prints a brief summary of mailx commands.
hold ho Retains the specified messages in the mailbox;
they won't be moved to mbox. Same as preserve.
if send none Conditionally executes Mail commands in the
|receive .mailrd file, depending on whether you are
reading(if receive) or sending(if send) mail.
Used with endif. This command is available only
in Berkeley's version.
if s|r none AT&T's "if send|receive" command. This command
is available only in AT&T's System V.
ignore none Supresses display of the specified header fields
when displaying messages. This command is the
same as discard. The Print and Type commands
overide this command.
list none Lists mailx/Mail commands.
mail m Sends mail to specified names.
mbox none Saves the specified messages in mbox when you
use the quit command.
next n,+, Return Displays the next message or the message
specified.
pipe | Pipes the message through the specified command.
With no arguments specified, this command pipes
the current message though the command
designated by the cmd variable. With the page
variable set, each message has a form feed
inserted after it. This command is available
only in AT&T's System V.
preserve none Keeps the specified messages in your mailbox
when you quit. This command is the same as the
hold command.
print p Displays specified messages.
Print P Displays specified messages, including all
header fields.
quit q Leaves mailx, updating system malbox and mbox as
appropriate.
reply/respond r Composes a reply to a message, sending it to the
author of the original message and to all the
people, except you, who received the message.
Reply/Respond R Composes a reply to a message, sending it ONLY
to the author of the original message.
save s Appends messages to a file. If no file is
specified, saves to mbox.
Save none Saves the specified messages in a file named
after the sender of the first message. This
command is available only in AT&T's System V.
set se Sets binary or valued options.
shell sh Creates a shell in which you can enter Unix
commands. When you leave the shell, you are
returned to mailx/Mail.
size none Displays the size(in characters) for the
specified messages. This command is available
only in AT&T's System V.
source so Executes the mailx/Mail commands in the
specified file.
top to Prints the first so many ( 5 by default ) lines
of each message in the message list.
touch none Moves messages in the message list to mbox when
you quit, unless the messages are specifically
saved to a file. This command is available only
in AT&T's System V.
type t Displays specified messages. This command is the
same as the print command.
Type T Displays specified messages, including all
header fields. This command is the same as the
Print command.
unalias none Removes one or more aliases from the list of
aliases. This command is available only to
Berkeley's version of Unix.
undelete u Recovers messages in the message list that have
been deleted in the current mail session.
unset none Undoes the operation of a set command.
version none Displays the version and release date of the
program. This command is only available in
AT&T's System V.
visual v Invokes visual editor on a list of messages.
write w Appends messages to a file; doesn't include
headers. Otherwise, similar to save.
xit x Synonym for exit.
z+ z Scrolls to next screenfull of headers.
z- none Scrolls to previous screenfull of headers.
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Tilde Commands
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Escape Arguments Description
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
~! command Executes shell command.
~. none Ends the message. This command is available only
in AT&T's System V.
~: mail_cmd Executes a mailx command while composing a
message.
~_ mail_cmd Same as ~:
~? none Displays a list of tilde commands
~| command Pipes message through command. Output of the
command replaces message.
~~ none Inserts a tilde in the message being composed.
~< filename Reads a specific file into the message being
composed. This command is the same as ~r. This
command is available only in AT&T's System V.
~<! command Executes a system command and inserts the output
into the message being composed. This command is
available only to AT&T's System V.
~a none Inserts the string defined by the mailx variable
sign into the message. This command is available
only to AT&T's System V.
~A none Inserts the string defined by the mailx variable
Sign into the message. This command is available
only to AT&T's System V.
~b name... Adds names to the Bcc: field. This command is
available only to AT&T's System V.
~c name... Adds names to the Cc: field.
~d none Inserts dead.letter into message.
~e none Calls up text editor (ed or ex)
~f messages Inserts specified messages into the message.
~h none Allows interactive changes to the header fields.
~i variable Inserts the text defined by the variable into
the message. This command is available only to
AT&T's System V.
~m messages Inserts specified messages, right-shifting them
by one tab stop.
~p none Displays message text as it currently stands.
~q none Cancels the letter. Same as crtl-c.
~r filename Inserts the specified file into the message.
~s string Sets Subject: field to string.
~t name... Adds names to To: field.
~v none Calls up screen editor.
~w filename Writes message to file, not including headers.
~x none Exits same as ~q, except that message is NOT
saved in dead.letter file.
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Command-Line Options
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Flag Description
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
-e Tests for presence of mail This command is available only to
AT&T's System V.
-f file Reads messages from the specified file instead of from the
system mailbox. If no file is specified, reads mbox.
-F Saves the message created to a file named after the first
recipient. This command is available only to AT&T's System V.
-H Prints a header summary only. This command is available only to
AT&T's System V.
-i Ignores tty interrupt signals.
-n Prevents reading of Mail.rc of Mailx.rc
-N Prevents the initial display of headers.
-s string Sets the Subject: header to the string specified.
-u name Reads messages in the mailbox of the user specified. This
command is excellent for eavesdropping, though many users chmod
so that others can not access it.
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
The mailx Options
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
b = binary option (set or not set)
v = valued option A(e.g., filename or number)
Berk = Berkeley UNIX only
V = AT&T's System V only
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Sending Mail
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
"COMMAND" b/v/Berk/V Default Description
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
ask b / Berk DISABLED Prompts for a subject.
asksub b / V ENABLED Prompts for a subject.
dot b DISABLED Exits editor with a period.
ignore b DISABLED Ignores interrupt characters.
ignoreeof b DISABLED Prevents crtl-d from ending
messages.
nosave b / Berk DISABLED Stops the saving of cancelled
messages.
askcc b DISABLED Prompts for carbon copies.
record v DISABLED Keeps a record of messages you
send.
save b / V ENABLED Enables the saving of cancelled
messages.
showto b / V DISABLED Shows the recipient of messages.
sendmail v Sys.V: mail Specifies a program for delivering
mail.
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Tilde Commands
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
"COMMAND" b/v/Berk/V Default Description
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
EDITOR v Sys.V: ed Defines the ~e editor.
escape v tilde ~ Defines the escape character
sign v / V none Defines the string inserted by ~a.
Sign v / V none Defines the string inserted by ~A
VISUAL v Sys.V: vi Defines the ~v screen editor.
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Messages and Displays While Reading Mail
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
"COMMAND" b/v/Berk/V Default Description
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
crt v none Specified the number of lines per
message display.
header b / V ENABLED Enables header display.
ignore none Command/None Suppresses display of header
fields.
noheader b / Berk DISABLED Suppresses header display.
PAGER v / V Sys.V: pg Specifies the pager program for
long messages.
prompt v / V Sys.V: ? Changes mailx prompt.
quit b DISABLED Suppresses opening messages.
screen v ? ? ? Specifies the number of headers
displayed.
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Commands for Reading Mail
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
"COMMAND" b/v/Berk/V Default Description
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
autoprint b DISABLED Makes delete act like dp.
cmd v / V none Sets a degault command for the
pipe (|) command.
hold b DISABLED Prevents messages you've read from
" disappearing. "
keepsave b DISABLED Prevents messages you've saved
from " disappearing. "
page b / V DISABLED Inserts a form feed after each
message.
SHELL v Sys.V.: sh Specifies the shell to escape to.
toplines v 5 Specifies the number of lines top
displays.
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Folders
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
"COMMAND" b/v/Berk/V Default Description
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
folder v none Defines the folders directory.
LISTER v / V ls Defines the command to list your
folders.
outfolder b / V DISABLED Places files of outgoing messages
into the folders directory.
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Files and the mailx Program
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
"COMMAND" b/v/Berk/V Default Description
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
append b DISABLED Appends messages to mbox
DEAD v / V $HOME/dead.letter Defines a new dead letter file.
keep b DISABLED Preserves your system mailbox
file.
MBOX v / V $HOME/mbox Defines a new default file for
saving messages.
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Names and Addresses
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
"COMMAND" b/v/Berk/V Default Description
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
allnet v / V DISABLED Allows for accounts on different
systems.
alternates none Command/None Tells mailx that you have accounts
on different systems.
conv v / V DISABLED Converts UUCP addresses to another
format.
metoo b DISABLED Lets you receive a copy of any
messages you send.
onehop b / V DISABLED Prevents rewriting of remote
addresses.
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
That concludes the first file of Unix Communications Commands... If I have
made any mistakes herein this file then please feel free to send me a message
on whereever I might be... - The Rebel
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=--=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X
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