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Comprehensive report on the history of the U.S. sp

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Table of Contents
Introduction 1
Beginning of Rockets 1
U.S. First Involvement in Space 4
Mercury 5
Gemini 6
Summary 21
Bibliography 23
The American space program is a story of great complexity and triumph. We should all be proud of accomplishments by the heroes at NASA and private investors. Great names have come with these acopihments: John Glenn, Alan Shepherd, Buzz Aldrin, and Neil Armstrong just to name a few. Togeter tisgreat nation has been first to the moon and will be first to Mars. This report is an overvew f jst hat has transpired from the beginning of the American Space program to Gemini and what mde i allpossble.
The first to make accurate calculations on space flight was Russian Konstaintin E. Tsiolkovsky. Hecovered the theoretical basis of reaction flight, which is the fundamental mechanism that propelsrces. Using Newton's laws of action and reaction he realized that compressed gas from a exhaust ozleofa rocket would propel it into space with increasing velocity. Tsiolkovsky was well ahead o hi tie bt everything he theorized was true and would work. In a 1903 article he described the ue ofliqud hyrogen and liquid oxygen to power rockets, a version of which only now is coming into idespead ue.
As Tsiolkovsky grew older, he knew that it was obvious that until the rocket itself was perfected, pace flight would be possible. To do this, he passed all of his knowledge to Robert Goddard, whocnrghtfully be called the father of modern rocketry. Goddard received patents for rocket componetsan tsted a number of simple powder models in the years before World War I. Before that time, Gddad'swor was not the interest of anyone but the Smithsonian and Charles Lindbergh, who arranged or Gddar to eceive a grant from the Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics. Wit thatmoneyGoddad moved to New Mexico to work on his projects.
The first of Goddard's rockets achieved an altitude of around 2,000 feet and a maximum velocity of nd 500 miles per hour. Models right before World War II rose 7500 feet and had its own guidance ytm. On May 28, 1940, Goddard met up with representatives of the U.S. Army and U.S. Navy to talkabutth military potential of rockets.
By 1937, German rocketeers had come up with a long range weapon that could deliver its payload fasthan the speed of sound (3,300 miles per hour) so the enemy couldn't hear it coming until it was tolt and were defenseless from the death from the sky. The rocket was called the V-2. Although is uiane in flight was a problem, its engine worked well and used a fuel combination of alcohol an liuidoxyen. Hitler quickly realized the potential for these rockets and quickly had factories trnin out200 week. The V-2 came around too late in the war to help Germany to victory, but they id bein th raceto the first artificial satellites in space. (Although this is a report about theAmericn spac progrm, it would be irresponsible of me to not include a section about developments n othercountris that as made our success so great.)
When World War II was coming to a close and Germany realized that it was going to lose, the top rocers faced an important decision: Should they remain at their Test Facility, soon to be captured yteadvancing Soviet army, or should they head southwest and surrender to the Americans? Almost eeron dcided to gather up as many crucial documents as they could and follow Warner von Braun soutwes totheAmerican forces. The American forces not only got von Braun but also a lot of V-2 missies a wel. Bth the U.S. and the Soviet Union evolved the V-2 design. The Americans had their ownrocke planunderway but couldn't begin to match von Braun and his men's plans.
Let me now take you ahead to October 4, 1957, the day that the U.S. officially became competitive wthe Soviets for the leading edge in the special frontier. On this day the Soviets launched Sputnk1ito orbit and it became the first artificial satellite.
Desperately trying to counter act the Soviet's achievement, the U.S. attempted to launch the very f Vanguard rocket and place a transmitter in space. Unfortunately, the Vanguard slid of the launc a nd exploded. Two months later, a second Vanguard lost control and broke apart at less than 4 ils lttude. Finally, on January 31, 1958, the U.S. used one of von Braun's Jupiter rockets to bost merca' first satellite into space: a lightweight transmitter named Explorer. Attached to theExplrer as aGeiger counter that detected that Earth was surrounded in a layer of high-energy chared paticle. Thse were the Van Allan radiation belts that James Van Allan had discovered.
On November 7, 1958, President Eisenhower named James R. Killian, Jr., to serve as his personal sci adviser. Congress also designated a committee to deal with the future of the American space prorm They decided to call it NASA (for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration) and, on Jly27 158, NASA was official with 7,000 employees.
Manned American sub orbits occasionally took place, but I'm going to start with Project Mercury, whit all started. Mercury was primitive by today's standards, but it provided all necessary equipmn okeep a person alive in space for about a day. Mercury capsules were bell-shaped, measuring amot fet in length and around 6 feet across the base. This small sized cabin made one astronaut o jke,"Yo don't get into Mercury, you put it on." The hull was covered with a nickel-alloy whichstregtheed te craft and resisted the heat of reentry. Due to the common mistrust of computers, Mrcuryhad mny fuctions that could be manually controlled. On the morning of February 20, 1962, Jon Glenbecamethe fist American in space when he and Friendship 7 reached orbit. Glen commented tht he cold feelthe Zer-G. Unfortunately, Glen had to deal with a serious problem. Mission Contro was reciving sinals tha the heat shield was coming off. If this happened during re-entry, Frienship 7 wold burn u. The deision was made to not discard the retro-rocket package after retrofire This woud decreasethe likeliood that the heat shield would come off. After reentry, it was foud that a mafunction inthe sensor as sending false signals to Mission Control. John Glen returnedsafely and Aerica was redy for space but project Mercury still went on. Each flight was a compettion with theSoviet Union o see who wasthe best. Due to the uncertainty of the Mercury capsule, his project wa ended early. President Kenndy used this time to set America's goals on a much greaer goal: to pu a man on the mon and return hm safely to Earth. This is where Gemini comes in.
On December 7, 1961, Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, director of the Manned Spacecraft Center, announced plaor a two-man spacecraft to fly in space upon completion of the Mercury program. On January 3, 192 AA announced this program would be called the Gemini program (from the Latin Gemini, the twins) roec Gemini had one great idea behind its entire workings: to be used as a proving grounds forhumn edurnce in space, new technologies, and maneuvering in space. All these would be vital to met Pesidnt Knnedy's goal of having a man on the moon by the end of the '60's. All this would be ossibe wit the pgraded Gemini capsule. On the outside it bore a direct resemblance to Mercury, bt it ws a lo roomir. It had to be roomier. Two people would be living inside side by side for etended eriods f time. A large adapter was also part of the Gemini spacecraft during orbital fligh. It stod 7.5 fet high nd had a diameter at its base of 10 feet. The re-entry module consisted f a crew nd equipmnt sectio, a re-entry control section, a rendezvous and recovery section, and aheat shiel. The insde containd much more sophisticated equipment. Gemini was the first spacecrat with the bility to cange is ownorbit. It did this by making use of the orbit attitude and manever system (AMS). The caft was equiped with a radar that could home in on another space craft fo rendezvous, nd it containd a computer o give the astronauts crucial information for their maneuvrs in space. ajor materialsused in the Geini re-entry module were titanium with Rene 41 steel an shingles of beyllium. The shngles were placd along the sides of the spacecraft to absorb re-enty heat. The hea shield covered he entire bottomof the spacecraft and burned away as it came backinto earth's atmophere. Systems o Gemini were desined so they could be repaired and/or reinstalld without a signifcant delay in the aunching schedule. The systems with this design were the envionmental control, gidance control, comunication, fuel cels, orbit attitude and maneuvering, paracute landing, hatches heat shield, and set ejection. Two lare structural hatches gave each astronut a means of entry ad exit. Each hatch ws manually operated b a handle and a mechanical latchin mechanism. The hatchs could be blown off wth a pyrotechnic charg in case of an emergency. The eat ejection system proided the crew with a wa to escape from the spaecraft in an emergency durin launch or following re-ntry. The guidance and ontrol system included te attitude controls, horion sensors, inertial guidnce, and rendezvous radar Gemini was also the firt space craft to make se of fuel cells. These ceated electricity by combiing hydrogen and oxygen an at the same time ceating drinking water.
Space officials chose as the booster the Titan 2. The Titan 2 was an improvement over the Air ForcTitan ICBM and was at that time considered the world's largest rocket. It was powered by a hyperoi uel (a mixture of plain hydrazine and unsymetrical hydrazine) which ignites spontaneously whenmiedwih the appropriate oxidizer (nitrogen tetroxide). The Titan 2 was capable of 430,000 poundsof hrut i its first stage and 100,000 pounds in the second stage.

By January, 1965, NASA had successfully completed two unmanned test flights of Gemini. The first md Gemini crew would include Gus Grissom and rookie John Young. They would be part of the first Aeia pair in space. On March 23, 1965, Gemini 3 roared off the launch pad into a 100-140 mile orbt ve erth. Although the flight plan called for only three orbits, it was chalked full of stuff tat eedd t be accomplished: to demonstrate manned orbital flight in the spacecraft; to demonstrat andevalate he capability to maneuver the spacecraft; to demonstrate and evaluate the recovery sytem. A majr expriment on communications during re-entry was also conducted during re-entry. Normlly duing reentry he high temperatures involved ionize the atmosphere surrounding the ship cuttin off comunicatons.
Over Texas on the first orbit, Grissom made space history. He fired his OAMS thrusters. This chanthe apogee from 140 miles to 105 miles and the perigee from 100 miles to 97 miles. On the secondobtover the Indian Ocean, Grissom turned his Molly Brown sideways and fired his north pointing thuser fr 15 seconds. This first attempt at translational maneuver actually moved his orbit path suthabot amile and a half. The third OAMS firing occurred on the third orbit when Grissom loweredhis erige nerly one half--to 52 miles. This meant that even if the retro-rockets failed to fire,atmoshericfricton and gravity at that altitude would bring them down. Because of miscalculationshoweve, the pacecrft landed 60 miles up-range from the Intrepid, the recovery ship.
Gemini 3 will always be famous for the "corned beef sandwich" incident. Just before lift-off, a ba crew commander smuggled a corned beef sandwich aboard the craft and slipped it to Young. Duringtefight, Young and Grissom ate about half of it. When NASA learned of the prank, they were very ad pining out that crumbs might have lodged in the instruments.
With the success of Gemini 3, NASA decided to go on with the Gemini program. On June 3, 1965, JameDivtt and Edward White took part in a 4 day flight aboard Gemini 4. Objectives of the flight inlddthe first American space walk; to demonstrate and evaluate the performance of the spacecraft'ssytes or a period of about 4 days; to evaluate the effects of prolonged exposure of space to thefliht rew to rendezvous with the second stage of the Titan 2 booster; to demonstrate the capabiliy ofmakig sinificant orbit changes; to demonstrate the capability of the OAMS to operate as a bacup tothe rtrogrde rocket system; and to execute 11 experiments. During the third orbit, White spnt 21 inutesoutsid Gemini 4 trying out a maneuvering gun that used jet of compressed gas to move im aroud. In act, Whte was having so much fun that Mission Control had a hard time getting him bck in. ere's anexcerpt rom the conversation that took place between Gemini 4 and Mission Control

MCDIVITT: Ed, I don't even know exactly where we are, but it looks like we're about over Texas agaiRISSOM: Gemini 4, Houston Capcom.
MCDIVITT (to White): As a matter of fact, you know, that looks like Houston down below us.
GRISSOM: Gemini 4, Houston Capcom.
MCDIVITT: Hey, Gus, I don't know if you read, but we're right over Houston. (To White) Let's see wthe flight director has to say.
KRAFT: The flight Director says, "Get back in!"
MCDIVITT (TO WHITE): I don't know... They want you to come back in now.
WHITE: Back in?
GRISSOM: Roger, we've been trying to talk to you for a while now.
WHITE: This is fun!
MCDIVITT: No, back in.
WHITE: Saddest moment of my life... I'm coming.
Having completed the space walk phase of the Gemini program, NASA moved on to long duration space ft. Gordon Cooper and Charles Conrad were to spend 8 days in Gemini 5. Once up in orbit, the twofudthe most challenging part of the long duration space flight--staying put in that capsule with arlyan room at all, about as much in a phone booth. The worst part was the bathroom facilities, r rthe th lack of them. Gemini simply did not have room for one. Instead, the astronauts used pasti bag filed with bacteria killing pellets. Only one problem arose during the whole flight. Toublewith he ful cell just about cut the mission short. Fortunately, Chris Kraft at Mission Contol wored outthe prblem. Due to the problem with the fuel cells, Gemini 5 didn't rendezvous with he REP s plannd. Insead they practiced rendezvous maneuvers with a "phantom target"--a hypothetial vehice existig in thememory and computations of ground-based computers. After that, more probems seeme to besiee Gemini . 2 of the 32 thrusters were out and a hurricane was raging in the geeral recovry area. ission Conrol decided to bring Gemini down an orbit early to give it a betterposition ahad of the ipending stom. Gemini 5 landed 90 miles downrange from the Lake Champlain. The crew hadbeen up in obit for 190 ours and 55 minutes. During that time they traveled 3,338,20 miles, breakng almost evey existing spce record.
Gemini 6 and Gemini 7 were a double mission, meaning they corresponded with each other. Gemini 7'ssion was to rendezvous with an Agena rocket. When the Agena target failed to achieve orbit, NASAdcdd to launch Gemini 6 so Gemini 7 could rendezvous with a manned target. NASA named the next mssonGeini 7-6.
Frank Borman and James A. Lovell were aboard Gemini 7 when it roared off the launch pad on December1965. Gemini 6, carrying Walter Schirra and Thomas Stafford, would lift off 8 days later for thernevous. Gemini 6 would be in orbit only a single day to make the rendezvous. Then they would imeiael come back home. All was going well until the day of Gemini 6's launch. The countdown clok tcke tozero--and nothing happened. The Titan 2 booster came to life for a few seconds and thenwentout. In he cabin, Schirra had a critical decision to make. Should the pair stay put and riskdeathif th Tita 2 exploded or should they eject, a bad move at such a low altitude (only about 10 feet) Schira hadonly a second to decide and decided to stay put. He make the right choice. Th Titan had tuned itslf off when it discovered a problem with the plug that fits in the bottom ofthe rockt came lose and ell out of its socket. Sensors also discovered a dust cap had been left ttached t the oxidzer inletport to the gas generator of the Titan 2 engines. The Titan would hav shut downthe engine for this ven if the plug problem didn't.
Finally, on December 15, Gemini 6 got under way. Launch went smoothly and in less than 6 hours aftift-off, Stafford and Schirra were only 120 feet from Borman and Lovell in Gemini 7. Gemini 6 thncoed the gap to 1 foot. The two spacecraft flew side by side like that for another 6 hours, befreGein 6 backed off and splashed down on December 16 only 13 miles from the carrier Wasp. Gemini7 hwevr cntinued its orbit for another 2 days and splashed down only 7 miles from the carrier Was. Gmini7 copleted 206 orbits in 330 hours and 35 minutes, covering 5,129,400 miles. As it turne out,Schira andBorman had made a bet as to who could land closest to the Wasp. Looks like Schirr lost. With he fam and glory of the past Gemini missions behind them, NASA planners decided to get on wi the redezvousand docking mission left over from Gemini 6. During Gemini 8, Neil Armstrong and Dvd Scott ould chae down an Agena target rocket and perform history's first space docking. The theeday missin would aso include an EVA by Scott. Problems at both the Atlas-Agena and the Titan-Gmin launch pas caused aone-day delay. The Atlas-Agena combination lifted off March 16. Gemini 8follwed an hourand a half ater. Armstrong and Scott had no trouble catching up with the Agena roket ad attach to special colar at each end of the rocket. Their celebration was short lived thogh. Ahalf hour aftr the linkup,the joined ships began to roll. The crew, along with mission conrol, beieved that malunctions on th Agena rocket were to blame. Gemini 8 used their OAMS thrustes to stailize the problm. The violenttumbling subsided after about three minutes of fighting thecontrols. Then the rollin started began. Armstrong unhooked the Gemini craft from the Agena rocke. But nowthey were turningat about one rotaion per second. Armstrong switched off the circuit beakers and sed vital re-entrycontrol system thrsters in the nose of the spacecraft. These were t be used onl in case of extremeemergency and re-enry. It was decided that this constituted an emrgency. It ws finally figured tht one of the thrustes was firing continuously, draining OAMS fue. The flight as aborted after the eventh orbit. Crippld Gemini 8 managed to land 7 miles from te cruiser the US Mason.
Thomas P. Stafford and Eugene Cernan were the crew assigned to Gemini 9. Leaving on June 3, 1966, ni 9 would practice rendezvousing, carry out an EVA with detailed work tasks and work on a preciso ading. This mission, however, was far from what was expected. When Gemini 9 reached the Agenaroke, t was discovered that the protective shroud surrounding the docking area had failed to open maingdocing impossible. Carnin's space walk was also set with troubles. He was hoping he'd getto ty ou a Bck Rogers-style jet-powered power pack. However, while trying to get the pack on, Canin fund tat jut positioning his body was almost impossible. Without something to anchor himselfto, Cenan son becae exhausted and it was decided that he come back in. This was a lot different rom Whie's troble- fre EVA. Without anything else to do, the crew carried out experiments for th rest ofthe fligt. Gemii 9 landed 2 miles from the Wasp in full view of television cameras.
The crew assigned for Gemini 10 would be veteran John W. Young and rookie Michael Collins. Main obives for Gemini 10 were to rendezvous and dock with the Agena rocket; multiple space walks by Colisad a transfer of orbits using Agena's OAMS rockets. Because of the criticality of Gemini 10 redevosig with the Agena rocket, both had to be launched almost simultaneously. The maximum time btwen lunces would be 18 minutes. The actual time window for Gemini 10 would be 36 seconds. The holelaunh wet exactly as planned. The capsule achieved the desired orbit, and Young burned the OMS rokets o brig a rendezvous during the fourth revolution. Young, however, used almost double te accont of uel alotted the rendezvous part of the mission. With such a large amount used, it wa decide to usethe Agea's fuel instead of the spacecraft's. Most of the 14 desired experiments wet uncompeted. Aena's fist OAMS burn carried Gemini 10 to a new record height of 474 miles. Agea's big OMS were ued two moe times and there were three burns from the smaller secondary propulsin system. During thetime Gemin 10 was docked to the Agena rocket, Collins opened his hatch and wa supposed t take pictues for 90 mnutes. However, he was forced to reenter the spacecraft when boh crewmen exerienced eyeirritation. Collins later said that the eye irritation was caused by a lekage of lithim hydroxide, hich is a subtance used in the environmental control system to remove crbon dioxide fom the suit cicuit. Young udocked from Agena after 44 hours and 40 minutes of fligt. Next was torendezvous withAgena 8, a deadrocket left over from a previous mission. The two sace craft flew i formation for aout 3 hours. Duing this time, Collins performed an umbilical EVA The first time e couldn't move dwn the umbilical ery well. He was experiencing what was calledthe Cernan effect: floating away fro the desired positon. He decided to go back to Gemini 10 to et his maneuvering un. Each tug Collis gave on Gemini 10with his Umbilical cord caused the craftto lose altitude. Ech time that happene, a thruster would fre to maintain position thus using upprecious fuel. Youngtold ground controlles that it was impossile to save fuel with Collins bumpig into the ship. Misson Control ordered Colins back in and told Yung not to use any more fuel. he crew opened the hatc for a third time to dup the EVA equipment. Gmini 10 splashed down only 3miles from the aircraft arrier Guadalcanal. In ddition to having to putoff many experiments, sevral packages were lost inspace during EVA.
Astronauts Charles Conrad, Jr., and Richard F. Gordon, Jr., were the crew for Gemini 11. Gordon waking his first flight. He was to perform two space walks and open the hatch a third time to thro u he garbage. Two special firsts were scheduled for this mission. One was to attach a special eterbeween the Agena rocket and Gemini 11 and to see if a spin maneuver would create an artificia grvit fild. The flight plan also called for the Agena propulsion system to take the Gemini to a alttudeof 80 miles, the highest ever attained by man.
The launch was scheduled for September 9, 1966. A small leak was discovered in the first-stage oxir tank and the mission was delayed until the next day. Just as the astronauts were getting into hi apsule on the 10th, a hold was declared and the mission scrubbed due to a possible malfunctioninth ato-pilot in the launch vehicle.
On September 12, 1966, Gemini 11 lifted off the launch pad at 8:05.2 a.m. One hour and 18 minutes r, Conrad brought his Gemini 11 space craft within 15 feet of the Agena.
Each man practiced docking and undocking with the Agena rocket. After 24 hours and 2 minutes of tifter launch, Gordon opened the hatch and commenced an EVA.
As Gordon was performing the tasks assigned to him, he started to become very tired. His heart beas near 180 beats a minute, the limit doctors felt safe. Sweat from his forehead also got into hi y nd caused some serious irritation. Of a scheduled 1 hour and 45 minute EVA, Gordon was back isie f emini 11 after only 33 minutes.
About an hour later, Gordon opened up the hatch and threw out the EVA equipment and other debris thas hanging around the cabin.
The third day of the mission was by far the busiest. The crew was awakened at 3 a.m. and started apulsion burn from Agena which pushed them 853 miles high. Camera's aboard Gemini 11 took some inrdbe pictures of the Earth as none have seen before.
At 46 hours and 7 minutes, Gordon opened his hatch for his stand up EVA. He was to stay out of thech, held inside by Velcro tethers, for 2 hours and 30 minutes. During that time, Gordon took picue nd slept.
Shortly after the stand up EVA section of the mission, Conrad disengaged from the Agena and the tetoperation began. Conrad started a slow rotational rate of 38 degrees per minute. Later it was icesd to about 55 degrees. Oscillations were damped out by Conrad's maneuvering the spacecraft, ad hetw vehicles became very stable.
Another first was the re-entry. Gemini 11 would be the first computer controlled re-entry. The teque was apparently a success as Gemini 11 landed only 1.5 miles from the aircraft carrier Guam.
Only one more Gemini mission lay ahead, and NASA's goal for it was clear. Gemini 12 would be the f judge for space walking techniques. The crew would include James A. Lovell and Edwin E. Aldrin. nieers devised a set of body tethers and foot restraints to help out Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin as he wlkd utide Gemini 12.
To train Aldrin for his mission, NASA had him spend many hours submerged in a special water tank prcing what he would do once he was up in orbit with his EVA. Using carefully placed weights, scietsswere able to create what is called zero-bouancy. That's were you're not being pulled up or don. Tatwas as close to weightless conditions as you can get on Earth.
The launch date for Gemini 12 was originally set for November 9, 1966. Problems with the Titan 2 ber forced one day delays on both November 9 and 10. Both Gemini 12 and the Agena rocket lifted ofo ovember 11.
On November 12, Aldrin spent two and one-half hours working outside Gemini 12 on a stand up EVA. Fhis, he just stood up on his seat in the cabin. His activities included a number of simple taskssc s fastening connector, screwing bolts, unscrewing bolts and taking photographs. Another EVA ws erored but this time Aldrin was not connected to Gemini 12. He was also allowed brief periods f rst n oder to study the effect on the astronaut of work planned in such a manner. Velcro handhlds nd Vlcrofoot restraints went into use to keep Aldrin connected to Gemini 12 at all times.
As the crew was preparing for re-entry, Lovell discovered that the regulated pressure in one of the RCS rings was rising almost 100 lbs. more that the normal range of 295 to 315 psi. The conditinwscorrected and Gemini 12, the last of the Gemini's, splashed down 3.8 miles from the carrier Wap. Hreis a database summary of the Gemini program:


MISSION
CREW
DATES
DURATION
ORBITS







Gemini I
-
Apr. 8-12, 1964
-
3

Gemini -
Jan. 19, 1965
-
3

Gemini III
Grissom-Young
Mar. 23, 1965
18:16
3

Gemini IV
McDvt-hite
June 3-7, 1965
97:56:12
62

Gemini V
Cooper-Conrad
Aug. 21-29, 1965
190:55:14
12
Gmii VII
Broman-lovell
Dec. 4-18, 1965
330:35:01
206

Gemini VI
Schriia-Stafford
Dec. 5-1, 165
25:51:24
16

Gemini VIII
Armstrong-Scott
Mar. 16, 1966
10:41:26
6.6

Gemini IX
Staford-erna
June 3-6, 1966
72:20:50
45

Gemini X
Young-Collins
July 18-21, 1966
70:46:39 43
Gemii XI
Conrad-Gordon
Sept. 12-15, 1966
71:17:08
44

Gemini XII
Lovell-Aldrin
Nov. 1-15, 966
9:34:31 59





I hope you enjoyed this report. What you just read was just the beginning of the American Space pro. Currently, NASA has alot of new and interesting things on the Drawing board ranging from the X3 httle to a landing mission on Mars. Thank you.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Collins Michael, Liftoff, New York, Grove Press, 1988.
Baker Wendy, America in Space, New York New York, Crescent Books, 1986.
World Book staff, Space Travel, Chicago Illinois, Merchandise Mart Plaza, 1989.
Gallant Roy, Our Universe, Washington D.C., National Geographic Society, 1986.
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