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Wireless transmission of power
(word processor parameters LM=8, RM=78, TM=2, BM=2)
Taken from KeelyNet BBS (214) 324-3501
Sponsored by Vangard Sciences
PO BOX 1031
Mesquite, TX 75150
August 28, 1990
courtesy of the Tesla BBS at 719 486-2775
WIRELESS TRANSMISSION OF POWER
Resonating Planet Earth
by
Toby Grotz
Theoretical Electromagnetic Studies and Learning Association, Inc.
522 West Third Street
Leadville, CO 80461
(719) 486-0133
Abstract
Many researchers have speculated on the meaning of the phrase "non- Hertzian
waves" as used by Dr. Nikola Tesla. Dr. Tesla first began to use this term in
the mid 1890's in order to explain his proposed system for the wireless
transmission of electrical power. In fact, it was not until the distinction
between the method that Heinrich Hertz was using and the system Dr. Tesla had
designed, that Dr. Tesla was able to receive the endorsement of the renowned
physicist, Lord Kelvin.1
To this day, however, there exists a confusion amongs researchers,
experimentalists, popular authors and laymen as to the meaning of non-
Hertzian waves and the method Dr. Tesla was promoting for the wireless
transmission of power. In this paper, the terms pertinent to wireless
transmission of power will be explained and the methods being used by present
researchers in a recreation of the Tesla's 1899 Colorado Springs experiments
will be defined.
Early Theories of Electromagnetic Propagation
In pre-World War I physics, scientists postulated a number of theories to
explain the propagation of electromagnetic energy through the ether. There
were three popular theories present in the literature of the late 1800's and
early 1900's. They were:
1. Transmission through or along the Earth,
2. Propagation as a result of terrestrial resonances,
3. Coupling to the ionosphere using propagation through
electrified gases.
We shall concern our examination at this time to the latter two theories as
they were both used by Dr. Tesla at various times to explain his system of
wireless transmission of power. It should be noted, however, that the first
theory was supported by Fritz Lowenstein, the first vice-president of the
Institute of Radio Engineers, a man who had the enviable experience of
assisting Dr. Tesla during the Colorado Springs experiments of 1899.
Lowenstein presented what came to be known as the "gliding wave" theory of
electromagnetic radiation and propagation during a lecture before the IRE in
1915. (Fig. 1)
Dr. Tesla delivered lectures to the Franklin Institute at Philadelphia, in
February, 1983, and to the National Electric Light Association in St. Louis,
in March, 1983, concerning electromagnetic wave propagation. The theory
presented in those lectures proposed that the Earth could be considered as a
conducting sphere and that it could support a large electrical charge. Dr.
Tesla proposed to disturb the charge distribution on the surface of the Earth
and record the period of the resulting oscillations as the charge returned to
its state of equilibrium. The problem of a single charged sphere had been
analyzed at that time by J.J. Thompson and A.G. Webster in a treatise entitled
"The Spherical Oscillator." This was the beginning of an examination of what
we may call the science of terrestrial resonances, culminating in the 1950's
and 60's with the engineering of VLF radio systems and the research and
discoveries of W.O. Schumann and J.R. Waite.
The second method of energy propagation proposed by Dr. Tesla was that of the
propagation of electrical energy through electrified gases. Dr. Tesla
experimented with the use of high frequency RF currents to examine the
properties of gases over a wide range of pressures. It was determined by Dr.
Tesla that air under a partial vacuum could conduct high frequency electrical
currents as well or better than copper wires. If a transmitter could be
elevated to a level where the air pressure was on the order of 75 to 130
millimeters in pressure and an excitation of megavolts was applied, it was
theorized that;
"...the air will serve as a conductor for the current produced, and the latter
will be transmitted through the air with, it may be, even less resistance than
through an ordinary copper wire".2 (Fig. 2) Resonating Planet Earth
Dr. James T. Corum and Kenneth L. Corum, in chapter two of their soon to be
published book, A Tesla Primer, point out a number of statements made by Dr.
Tesla which indicate that he was using resonator fields and transmission line
modes.
1. When he speaks of tuning his apparatus until Hertzian radiations have been
eliminated, he is referring to using ELF vibrations: "...the Hertzian effect
has gradually been reduced through the lowering of frequency."3
2. "...the energy received does not diminish with the square of the distance,
as it should, since the Hertzian radiation propagates in a hemisphere."3
3. He apparently detected resonator or standing wave modes: "...my discovery
of the wonderful law governing the movement of electricity through the
globe...the projection of the wavelengths (measured along the surface) on the
earth's diameter or axis of symmetry...are all equal."3
4. "We are living on a conducting globe surrounded by a thin layer of
insulating air, above which is a rarefied and conducting atmosphere...The
Hertz waves represent energy which is radiated and unrecoverable. The current
energy, on the other hand, is preserved and can be recovered, theoretically at
least, in its entirety."4
As Dr. Corum points out, "The last sentence seems to indicate that Tesla's
Colorado Springs experiments could be properly interpreted as characteristic
of a wave-guide probe in a cavity resonator."5 This was in fact what led Dr.
Tesla to report a measurement which to this day is not understood and has led
many to erroneously assume that he was dealing with faster than light
velocities.
The Controversial Measurement;
It does not indicate faster than light velocity
The mathematical models and experimental data used by Schumann and Waite to
describe ELF transmission and propagation are complex and beyond the scope of
this paper. Dr. James F. Corum, Kenneth L. Corum and Dr. A-Hamid Aidinejad
have, however, in a series of papers presented at the 1984 Tesla Centennial
Symposium and the 1986 International Tesla Symposium, applied the experimental
values obtained by Dr. Tesla during his Colorado Springs experiments to the
models and equations used by Schumann and Waite. The results of this exercise
have proved that the Earth and the surrounding atmosphere can be used as a
cavity resonator for the wireless transmission of electrical power. (Fig. 3)
Dr. Tesla reported that .08484 seconds was the time that a pulse emitted from
his laboratory took to propagate to the opposite side of the planet and to
return. From this statement many have assumed that his transmissions exceeded
the speed of light and many esoteric and fallacious theories and publications
have been generated. As Corum and Aidinejad point out, in their 1986 paper,
"The Transient Propagation of ELF Pulses in the Earth Ionosphere Cavity", this
measurement represents the coherence time of the Earth cavity resonator
system. This is also known to students of radar systems as a determination of
the range dependent parameter. The accompanying diagrams from Corum's and
Aidinejad's paper graphically illustrate the point. (Fig. 3 & Fig. 4)
We now turn to a description of the methods to be used to build, as Dr. Tesla
did in 1899, a cavity resonator for the wireless transmission of electrical
power.
PROJECT TESLA:
The Wireless Transmission of Electrical Energy Using Schumann Resonance
It has been proven that electrical energy can be propagated around the world
between the surface of the Earth and the ionosphere at extreme low frequencies
in what is known as the Schumann Cavity. The Schumann cavity surrounds the
Earth between ground level and extends upward to a maximum 80 kilometers.
Experiments to date have shown that electromagnetic waves of extreme low
frequencies in the range of 8 Hz, the fundamental Schumann Resonance
frequency, propagate with little attenuation around the planet within the
Schumann Cavity.
Knowing that a resonant cavity can be excited and that power can be delivered
to that cavity similar to the methods used in microwave ovens for home use, it
should be possible to resonate and deliver power via the Schumann Cavity to
any point on Earth. This will result in practical wireless transmission of
electrical power.
Background
Although it was not until 1954-1959 when experimental measurements were made
of the frequency that is propagated in the resonant cavity surrounding the
Earth, recent analysis shows that it was Nikola Tesla who, in 1899, first
noticed the existence of stationary waves in the Schumann cavity. Tesla's
experimental measurements of the wave length and frequency involved closely
match Schumann's theoretical calculations. Some of these observations were
made in 1899 while Tesla was monitoring the electromagnetic radiations due to
lightning discharges in a thunderstorm which passed over his Colorado Springs
laboratory and then moved more than 200 miles eastward across the plains. In
his Colorado Springs Notes, Tesla noted that these stationary waves "... can
be produced with an oscillator," and added in parenthesis, "This is of immense
importance."6 The importance of his observations is due to the support they
lend to the prime objective of the Colorado Springs laboratory. The intent of
the experiments and the laboratory Tesla had constructed was to prove that
wireless transmission of electrical power was possible.
Schumann Resonance is analogous to pushing a pendulum. The intent of Project
Tesla is to create pulses or electrical disturbances that would travel in all
directions around the Earth in the thin membrane of non- conductive air
between the ground and the ionosphere. The pulses or waves would follow the
surface of the Earth in all directions expanding outward to the maximum
circumference of the Earth and contracting inward until meeting at a point
opposite to that of the transmitter. This point is called the anti-pode. The
traveling waves would be reflected back from the anti-pode to the transmitter
to be reinforced and sent out again.
At the time of his measurements Tesla was experimenting with and researching
methods for "...power transmission and transmission of intelligible messages
to any point on the globe." Although Tesla was not able to commercially market
a system to transmit power around the globe, modern scientific theory and
mathematical calculations support his contention that the wireless propagation
of electrical power is possible and a feasible alternative to the extensive
and costly grid of electrical transmission lines used today for electrical
power distribution.
The Need for a Wireless System of Energy Transmission
A great concern has been voiced in recent years over the extensive use of
energy, the limited supply of resources, and the pollution of the environment
from the use of present energy conversion systems. Electrical power accounts
for much of the energy consumed. Much of this power is wasted during
transmission from power plant generators to the consumer. The resistance of
the wire used in the electrical grid distribution system causes a loss of
26-30% of the energy generated. This loss implies that our present system of
electrical distribution is only 70-74% efficient.
A system of power distribution with little or no loss would conserve energy.
It would reduce pollution and expenses resulting from the need to generate
power to overcome and compensate for losses in the present grid system.
The proposed project would demonstrate a method of energy distribution
calculated to be 90-94% efficient. An electrical distribution system, based
on this method would eliminate the need for an inefficient, costly, and
capital intensive grid of cables, towers, and substations. The system would
reduce the cost of electrical energy used by the consumer and rid the
landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towers.
There are areas of the world where the need for electrical power exists, yet
there is no method for delivering power. Africa is in need of power to run
pumps to tap into the vast resources of water under the Sahara Desert. Rural
areas, such as those in China, require the electrical power necessary to bring
them into the 20th century and to equal standing with western nations.
As first proposed by Buckminster Fuller, wireless transmission of power would
enable world wide distribution of off peak demand capacity. This concept is
based on the fact that some nations, especially the United States, have the
capacity to generate much more power than is needed. This situation is
accentuated at night. The greatest amount of power used, the peak demand, is
during the day. The extra power available during the night could be sold to
the side of the planet where it is day time. Considering the huge capacity of
power plants in the United States, this system would provide a saleable
product which could do much to aid our balance of payments.
MARKET ANALYSIS
Of the 56 billion dollars spent for research by the the U.S government in
1987, 64% was for military purposes, only 8% was spent on energy related
research. More efficient energy distribution systems and sources are needed
by both developed and under developed nations. In regards to Project Tesla,
the market for wireless power transmission systems is enormous. It has the
potential to become a multi-billion dollar per year market.
Market Size
The increasing demand for electrical energy in industrial nations is well
documented. If we include the demand of third world nations, pushed by their
increasing rate of growth, we could expect an even faster rise in the demand
for electrical power in the near future.
In 1971, nine industrialized nations, (with 25 percent of the world's
population), used 690 million kilowatts, 76 percent of all power generated.
The rest of the world used only 218 million kilowatts. By comparison, China
generated only 17 million kilowatts and India generated only 15 million
kilowatts (less than two percent each).7 If a conservative assumption was made
that the three-quarters of the world which is only using one-quarter of the
current power production were to eventually consume as much as the first
quarter, then an additional 908 million kilowatts will be needed. The demand
for electrical power will continue to increase with the industrialization of
the world.
Market Projections
The Energy Information Agency (EIA), based in Washington, D.C., reported the
1985 net generation of electric power to be 2,489 billion kilowatt hours. At
a conservative sale price of $.04 per kilowatt hour that results in a yearly
income of 100 billion dollars. The EIA also reported that the 1985 capacity
according to generator name plates to be 656,118 million watts. This would
result in a yearly output of 5,740 billion kilowatt hours at 100% utilization.
What this means is that we use only about 40% of the power we can generate (an
excess capability of 3,251 billion kilowatt hours).
Allowing for down time and maintenance and the fact that the night time off
peak load is available, it is possible that half of the excess power
generation capability could be utilized. If 1,625 billion kilowatt hours were
sold yearly at $.06/kilowatt, income would total 9.7 billion dollars.
Project Tesla: Objectives
The objectives of Project Tesla are divided into three areas of investigation.
1. Demonstration that the Schumann Cavity can be resonated with an
open air, vertical dipole antenna;
2. Measurement of power insertion losses;
3. Measurement of power retrieval losses, locally and at a distance.
Methods
A full size, 51 foot diameter, air core, radio frequency resonating coil and a
unique 130 foot tower, insulated 30 feet above ground, have been constructed
and are operational at an elevation of approximately 11,000 feet. This system
was originally built by Robert Golka in 1973- 1974 and used until 1982 by the
United States Air Force at Wendover AFB in Wendover, Utah. The USAF used the
coil for simulating natural lightning for testing and hardening fighter
aircraft. The system has a capacity of over 600 kilowatts. The coil, which
is the largest part of the system, has already been built, tested, and is
operational.
A location at a high altitude is initially advantageous for reducing
atmospheric losses which work against an efficient coupling to the Schumann
Cavity. The high frequency, high voltage output of the coil will be half wave
rectified using a uniquely designed single electrode X-ray tube. The X-ray
tube will be used to charge a 130 ft. tall, vertical tower which will
function to provide a vertical current moment. The mast is topped by a metal
sphere 30 inches in diameter. X-rays emitted from the tube will ionize the
atmosphere between the Tesla coil and the tower. This will result in a low
resistance path causing all discharges to flow from the coil to the tower. A
circulating current of 1,000 amperes in the system will create an ionization
and corona causing a large virtual electrical capacitance in the medium
surrounding the sphere. The total charge around the tower will be in the
range of between 200-600 coulombs. Discharging the tower 7-8 times per second
through a fixed or rotary spark gap will create electrical disturbances, which
will resonantly excite the Schumann Cavity, and propagate around the entire
Earth.
The propagated wave front will be reflected from the antipode back to the
transmitter site. The reflected wave will be reinforced and again radiated
when it returns to the transmitter. As a result, an oscillation will be
established and maintained in the Schumann Cavity. The loss of power in the
cavity has been estimated to be about 6% per round trip. If the same amount
of power is delivered to the cavity on each cycle of oscillation of the
transmitter, there will be a net energy gain which will result in a net
voltage, or amplitude increase. This will result in reactive energy storage
in the cavity. As long as energy is delivered to the cavity, the process will
continue until the energy is removed by heating, lightning discharges, or as
is proposed by this project, loading by tuned circuits at distant locations
for power distribution.
The resonating cavity field will be detected by stations both in the United
States and overseas. These will be staffed by engineers and scientists who
have agreed to participate in the experiment.
Measurement of power insertion and retrieval losses will be made at the
transmitter site and at distant receiving locations. Equipment constructed
especially for measurement of low frequency electromagnetic waves will be
employed to measure the effectiveness of using the Schumann Cavity as a means
of electrical power distribution. The detection equipment used by project
personnel will consist of a pick up coil and industry standard low noise, high
gain operational amplifiers and active band pass filters.
In addition to project detection there will be a record of the experiment
recorded by a network of monitoring stations that have been set up
specifically to monitor electromagnetic activity in the Schumann Cavity.
Evaluation Procedure
The project will be evaluated by an analysis of the data provided by local and
distant measurement stations. The output of the transmitter will produce a
7-8 Hz sine wave as a result of the discharges from the antenna. The
recordings made by distant stations will be time synchronized to ensure that
the data received is a result of the operation of the transmitter.
Power insertion and retrieval losses will be analyzed after the measurements
taken during the transmission are recorded. Attenuation, field strength, and
cavity Q will be calculated using the equations presented in Dr. Corum's
papers. These papers are noted in the references. If recorded results
indicate power can be efficiently coupled into or transmitted in the Schumann
Cavity, a second phase of research involving power reception will be
initiated.
Environmental Considerations
The extreme low frequencies (ELF), present in the environment have several
origins. The time varying magnetic fields produced as a result of solar and
lunar influences on ionospheric currents are on the order of 30 nanoteslas.
The largest time varying fields are those generated by solar activity and
thunderstorms. These magnetic fields reach a maximum of 0.5 microteslas (uT)
The magnetic fields produced as a result of lightning discharges in the
Schumann Cavity peak at 7, 14, 20 and 26 Hz. The magnetic flux densities
associated with these resonant frequencies vary from 0.25 to 3.6 picoteslas.
per root hertz (pT/Hz1/2).
Exposure to man made sources of ELF can be up to 1 billion (1000 million or 1
x 109) times stronger than that of naturally occurring fields. Household
appliances operated at 60 Hz can produce fields as high as 2.5 mT. The field
under a 765 kV, 60 Hz power line carrying 1 amp per phase is 15 uT. ELF
antennae systems that are used for submarine communication produce fields of
20 uT. Video display terminals produce fields of 2 uT, 1,000,000 times the
strength of the Schumann Resonance frequencies.9
Project Tesla will use a 150 kw generator to excite the Schumann cavity.
Calculations predict that the field strength due to this excitation at 7.8 Hz
will be on the order of 46 picoteslas.
Future Objectives
The successful resonating of the Schumann Cavity and wireless transmission of
power on a small scale resulting in proof of principle will require a second
phase of engineering, the design of receiving stations. On completion of the
second phase, the third and fourth phases of the project involving further
tests and improvements and a large scale demonstration project will be pursued
to prove commercial feasibility. Total cost from proof of principle to
commercial prototype is expected to total $3 million. Interest in
participation in this project may be directed to the author.
REFERENCES
The following four papers were presented at the 1984 Tesla Centennial
Symposium and the 1986 International Tesla Symposium.
"The Transient Propagation of ELF Pulses in the Earth-Ionosphere Cavity", by
A-Ahamid Aidinejad and James F. Corum.
"Disclosures Concerning the Operation of an ELF Oscillator", by James F. Corum
and Kenneth L. Corum.
"A Physical Interpretation of the Colorado Springs Data", by James F. Corum
and Kenneth L. Corum.
"Critical Speculations Concerning Tesla's Invention and Applications of Single
Electrode X-Ray Directed Discharges for Power Processing, Terrestrial
Resonances and Particle Beam Weapons" by James F. Corum and Kenneth L. Corum.
FOOTNOTES
1. Tesla Said, Compiled by John T. Ratzlaff, Tesla Book Company, Millbrae,
CA, 1984.
2. Dr. Nikola Tesla: Selected Patent Wrappers, compiled by John T.
Ratzlaff, Tesla Book Company, 1980, Vol. I, Pg. 128.
3. "The Disturbing Influence of Solar Radiation on the Wireless Transmission
of Energy", by Nikola Tesla, Electrical Review, July 6, 1912, PP. 34, 35.
4. "The Effect of Static on Wireless Transmission", by Nikola Tesla,
Electrical Experimenter, January 1919, PP. 627, 658.
5. Tesla Primer and Handbook, Dr. James T. Corum and Kenneth L. Corum,
unpublished. Corum and Associates, 8551 ST Rt 534, Windsor, Ohio 44099
6. Colorado Springs Notes, 1899 - 1900, Nikola Tesla, Nikola Tesla Museum,
Beograd, Yugoslavia, 1978, Pg. 62.
7. Van Nostrands Scientific Encylopedia, Fith Edition, Pg. 899.
8. "PC Monitors Lightning Worldwide", Davis D. Sentman, Computers in Science,
Premiere Issue, 1987.
9. "Artificially Stimulated Resonance of the Earth's Schumann Cavity
Waveguide", Toby Grotz, Proceedings of the Third International New Energy
Technology Symposium/Exhibition, June 25th-28th, 1988, Hull, Quebec, Planetary
Association for Clean Energy, 191 Promenade du Portage/600, Hull, Quebec J8X
2K6 Canada
FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT TESLA
The Tesla Memorial Society
% Nicholas Kosanovich
453 Martin Road
Lackawanna, NY 14218
(716) 822-0281
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Mr. Grotz, is an electrical engineer and has 15 years experience in
the field of geophysics, aerospace and industrial research and design.
While working for the Geophysical Services Division of Texas
Instruments and at the University of Texas at Dallas, Mr. Grotz was
introduced to and worked with the geophysical concepts which are of
importance to the proposed project. As a Senior Engineer at Martin
Marietta, Mr. Grotz designed and supervised the construction of
industrial process control systems and designed and built devices and
equipment for use in research and development and for testing space
flight hardware. Mr. Grotz organized and chaired the 1984 Tesla
Centennial Symposium and the 1986 International Tesla Symposium and was
President of the International Tesla Society, a not for profit
corporation formed as a result the first symposium. As Project Manager
for Project Tesla, Mr. Grotz aided in the design and construction of a
recreation of the equipment Nikola Tesla used for wireless transmission
of power experiments in 1899 in Colorado Springs. Mr. Grotz received
his B.S.E.E. from the University of Connecticut in 1973.
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Page 10
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