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A paper on prostaglandins

Prostaglandins are biologically potent lipid fatty acids found for the
most part in mammals. There are six primary naturally occurring
prostaglandins designated: E1, E2, E3, F1alpha, F2alpha, F3aplha. The
most potent mammalian prostaglandin is prostagla ndin E2 (PGE2).
Prostaglandins, like hormones, are regulators of bodily processes.
Unlike hormones prostaglandins do not flow through the blood stream.
Rather, they are produced close to where they are needed and diffuse
through tissue to the target organs. The physio logical processes
which prostaglandins regulate are many and varied. Included in these
processes are: bronchial constriction (30 times as active as
histamine), male sexual function6, kidney function and stomach acid
neutralization and production of the m ucus which lines the stomach,
and uterine stimulation. The exact mechanisms of these actions is not
known, this small number of compounds is responsible for the regulating
a wide variety of bodily processes. Thus, while the body's balance of
prostagland ins can be altered for therapeutic purposes by taking
prostaglandins or inhibiting their biosynthesis, this usually effects
systems of the body which are not the target of the therapy.
Prostaglandins are taken orally and intravenously and applied topically
for many purposes. PGE2 is used to lower blood pressure, to aid in the
ripening of the cervix when labor is lnduced and to induce erection in
impotent men (the drug must be injected directly into the penis). PGE
is used to prevent rejection of transplanted organs and increase renal
function, and could be used as an abortifacient. Parthenolide is a
naturally occurring prostaglandin biosynthesis inhibitor. While
parthenolide is ubiquitous in nature, the main source in this country
of medicinal parthenolide is the plant Tanacetum parthenium (formerly
Chrysanthemum parthenium). Tana cetum parthenium is approved for use
in the treatment of migraine; but as yet, partly do to the lack of
awareness of physicians and migraine patients of botanical treatment
options, it is not widely used in the U.S. . Many other drugs are
prostaglandin b iosynthesis inhibitors, including non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen. These drugs are
widely prescribed to arthritis patients because prostaglandins are key
regulators in the inflammation process. Many prostaglandin biosynthe
sis inhibitors are very useful in the relief of pain and in aiding
healing of inflammatory disease. Both inhibiting prostaglandin
biosynthesis and administering prostaglandins can have adverse effects.
Using PGE2 to ripen the cervix in induced labor may cause a reduction
in blood flow to the fetus. Since prostaglandins act on more than one
system it i s hard to treat one ailment without effecting others bodily
systems; for example PGE1 may be prescribed to help increase blood flow
to the liver and uterine contractions may result. Inhibition of
biosynthesis of prostaglandins effects many organs of the body: the
kidneys are negatively effected as well as the stomach (ulcers often
result after chronic use of NSAIDs). Certainly one must suspect that
when one inhibits the production of these messenger molecules there may
be negative effects, considering a ll of the functions they serve and
the positive effects they have when administered to patients. Drug
companies do sell synthetic prostaglandins. Monsanto sold
$100,000,000.00 of a drug based on PGE1 in 1989-1990. Even so, the
revenues from synthetic prostaglandins are far below what drug
companies thought they would be. If these companies wish to
develop profitable allopathic therapies, which ideally treat specific
symptoms, they may be on the wrong track. Since prostaglandins are
produced by almost every tissue in the body, they are by nature
non-specific.

 
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