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The Final Secret of Free Energy
by T.E. Bearden
February 9, 1993
(Copyright, T. E. Bearden, 1993. All Rights Reserved)
Foreword
This paper contains the real secret of tapping the vacuum energy very simply,
using almost any source of potential (battery, electrostatic generator a la
the Swiss electrostatic device, elevated wire w/250 V/m in the earth/
ionosphere potential, etc.). The objective is for the moderately technical
reader to understand how to build and understand not only a single device,
but also hundreds of different kinds of them. While it is quite simple, the
"magic principle" contained in this paper only took me some 30 years to
discover.
The precise definitions necessary to understand the free energy rationale are
included. Also included are some very simple pseudo equations for the
process. Do not underestimate these simple pseudo equations __ they tell the
tale that's needed.
Also, there has been little or no time to "dress up" the paper. It's simply
written down very informally, to get the necessary points across.
Nearly everything fundamental that we've been taught about EM energy is wrong
or incomplete. Even the definition of energy in physics is wrong! Let me
summarize a few of the things that are wrong with the classical
electromagnetics (CEM) model as follows:
CEM is still utilizing a model based on a material ether. Although the
Michelson-Morley experiment destroyed the material ether assumption in 1887,
the classical EM model has never been corrected. It also contains no
definition of charge, and no definition of potential. In many cases,
algorithms to calculate a magnitude are baldfacedly and erroneously advanced
as "definitions." CEM still prescribes the force fields as the causes of all
EM phenomena; it has been known since 1959 that forces are effects and not
causes, that EM force fields exist only in and on the charged particles of
mass in the physical system, and that the potentials are the primary causes
of EM phenomena. The lack of definitive definitions of mass and force in
mechanics is carried over into EM theory; there is no adequate definition of
EM force or of EM mass. The magnitude of the electrical charge on an
electron is not quantized. Instead, it is discretized, being a function of
the magnitude of the virtual photon flux (VPF) exchange between the vacuum
and the charged particle. When the charged particle is placed in a potential
that differs from ambient, then the magnitude of the VPF __ and hence the
magnitude of the electric charge on the electron __ is altered. The CEM
assumption of an "empty vacuum" is totally falsified by modern quantum
mechanics. The CEM notion that EM force fields and force field waves exist
in vacuum is totally false. Only potentials and potential gradients exist in
the vacuum. EM waves in vacuum are not forcefield waves as CEM prescribes;
instead, they are oscillations of potentials and potential gradients.
Potentials have a bidirectional EM wave-pair structure, where the
bidirectional wave pairs are phaselocked in a harmonic series. In each wave
pair, photons and antiphotons are continually coupling (into spin-2
gravitons) and decoupling. This is where gravitation and electromagnetics
are unified. The CEM notion that singular EM forces exist in either matter
or the vacuum is false; Newton's third law requires that all forces exist in
oppositive pairs. Not a single one of the equations universally taught as
"Maxwell's equations" ever appeared in any book or paper by James Clerk
Maxwell; instead, they are Oliver Heaviside's equations. Maxwell's actual
theory was written in quaternions, which is a complete system of mathematics.
The Heaviside/Gibbs vector version (1) has a lower topology, (2) is not a
complete system of mathematics, and (3) actually captured only a subset of
Maxwell's actual theory. Tensor theory does not recapture that which was
lost.
There are even more errors in CEM, but these should suffice to make the
point: Classical electromagnetics theory is seriously flawed, with archaic
foundations, riddled with errors, and it should be completely redone. Until
this revamping of CEM is accomplished, the present model solidly blocks free
energy, antigravity, a unified physical field theory, and a unified theory of
mind and matter interaction.
A second paper this year will detail the exact long-term causative mechanism
for cancer and leukemia, and the exact mechanism for essentially 100% cure of
terminal tumors in laboratory animals, demonstrated by the Priore team in
France in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The same mechanism can be used to
cure AIDS.
Throughout the world, humankind is suffering. In the poor populations of the
world, early death is the norm, as is frequent famine. One third of the
human race goes to bed hungry each night. Protein starvation of children is
common. One third of the human race is infected with worms. Many other
diseases ravage the farflung poor peoples of the world. They have little or
no industries. They have no abundant electrical power. They have little
education, and little modern knowledge. They have little or no medical
treatment. In short, they are born without hope; live in misery, filth,
disease, and poverty, and die without dignity.
Meanwhile, the factories, cities, and enclaves of the "developed and
developing" worlds belch forth fumes, toxic and hazardous wastes, and
pollutants. They also spew forth weaponry which for one reason or another is
used to arm the poorer nations, for use in destroying themselves and their
impoverished neighbors. Warfare, terror, banditry, despotism, and all the
four horsemen of the Apocolypse are truly loosed in the earth.
We simply must do better than that. And we can do better than that! But to
do better, we've got to make the basics available to impoverished nations,
cheaply and easily. Primary among their needs are energy and medical
treatment. Given those, populations can be stabilized, people educated,
development begun, and the living standard drastically elevated.
So that is the immediate goal. In this paper, I am freely giving away what
required me an arduous 30 years of my life to discover. Shortly we will also
detail the new methodology for a new therapeutic science, hopefully to cure
the diseases that ravage humanity.
God willing, this paper will trigger a thousand, or even ten thousand,
scientists and engineers to develop overunity energy devices. If so, shortly
we can rid our biosphere of noxious automobile and factory exhausts,
radioactive nuclear wastes, and massive oil spills. We can remove many of
the hydrocarbon combustion pollutants from the air, stop acid rain and the
destruction of our forests, and stop the steady rise of carbon monoxide in
our air. If that truly tends toward a "Greenhouse" effect, then we can halt
that effect as well.
The Creator has always given us bountiful free electrical energy, everywhere,
easily and readily for the simple taking. It has only been our own blindness
and folly that have prevented us from seeing and using this free energy
bounty.
So here is the final secret of abundant, free electrical energy. Please use
the knowledge well and see that its benefits also accrue to those
impoverished ones who need it so desperately. Remember the adage, "Inasmuch
as you have done it to these little ones..."
This is for those little ones. You are our brothers and sisters. We want
you to live. And we want you to have a better quality of life, not just bare
existence. We care.
Tom Bearden
February 9, 1993
THE FINAL SECRET OF FREE ENERGY
Some Definitions
The Quantum Mechanical Vacuum: First we need some definitions. We start
by assuming the quantum mechanical vacuum.[1] Empty "spacetime" is filled
with an incredibly intense flux of virtual particles. It is a plenum, not an
emptiness. We shall be interested only in the fantastic flux of virtual
photons, for we are discussing electromagnetics.
Energy and Potential: Energy is any ordering, either static or dynamic, in
the virtual particle flux of vacuum. EM energy is any ordering, either
static or dynamic, in the virtual photon flux (VPF) of vacuum. That is, for
a particular kind of "field" energy, we simply choose the so-called quantum
particle of that field, and consider only that kind of virtual particle flux.
"Potential" is any ordering, either static or dynamic, in the virtual
particle flux of vacuum. Hey! That's exactly the same definition as
energy. Quite correct. Energy and potential are identically the same.
Neither is presently defined correctly in physics.
Energy is normally defined as "Energy is the capacity to do work."
That's totally false. Energy has the capacity to do work, because work
is correctly defined as the dissipation (disordering; scattering) of
energy (order). The scattering of energy is work. It is not energy!
That is, energy is not definable as its own scattering!
Look at it this way: A man has the capacity to catch fish. That is
true, but it is not a definition, since a definition must in some sense
be an identity. You cannot say that a man is the capacity to catch
fish! That may be a submitted definition, all right, but it is false.
Similarly, energy has the capacity to do work; that is one of its
attributes. But energy IS the ordering in the VPF (we are referring
from now on primarily only to EM).
Scalar and Vector Potentials: The scalar potential is any static (with
respect to the external observer) ordering in the VPF of vacuum. The vector
potential is any dynamic (with respect to the external observer) ordering in
the VPF of vacuum. We shall be interested in the electrostatic scalar
potential. So it is a static ordering __ a stationary template __ in the VPF
of vacuum, much as a whirlpool is a stationary ordering (template, form) in
the rushing flow of a river.
The Scalar Potential Has An Internal Structure
The Structure of the Scalar Potential: According to rigorous proofs by
Whittaker [2] and Ziolkowski [3], any scalar potential can be mathematically
decomposed into a harmonic series of bidirectional wave pairs. Figure 1
shows this Whittaker/Ziolkowski (WZ) structure. In each pair, the forward-
time wave is going in one direction, and its phase conjugate (time-reversed)
replica wave is going in the other. According to the so-called distortion
correction theorem [4] of nonlinear phase conjugate optics, this PCR wave
must precisely superpose spatially with its partner wave in the pair. The
two waves are in-phase spatially, but 180 degrees out of phase in time. The
wave is made of photons, and the antiwave (PCR wave) is made of antiphotons.
It follows that, as wave and antiwave pass through each other, the photons
and antiphotons are coupling and uncoupling with each other, because the
antiphoton is a PCR photon, and PCR's precisely superpose spatially with their
partner. A photon or antiphoton has wave characteristics, because it has a
frequency; if the wave aspects are perfectly ordered and perfectly
correlated, then so are the photon's particle aspects.
A Potential Is An Ordering Across the Universe: So we have, astoundingly,
perfect VPF inner ordering infolded in the electrostatic scalar potential!
We also have perfect wave/antiwave ordering infolded in there. When you
collect a simple set of charges on a small ball or in a region, the scalar EM
potential from that set of charges reaches across the universe. In it you
have an infinite harmonic series of phase-locked time-forward EM waves going
out from the charges to all distant points of the entire universe. And you
have an infinite harmonic series of phase-locked time-reversed EM waves
coming from all points of the universe, back to the "collected charges"
source.
A Potential Is A River of Energy: The point is, you have established a
mighty, hidden, 2-way river of energy between that collection of charges and
every other point in the universe. There is infinite energy in each of those
infolded waves and antiwaves. But in a localized region, the energy density
in each wave is finite. Since in finite circuits the potential interacts
with a localized set of mass, we shall be concerned with the local energy
density (joules/coulomb) of the potential.
But forget the conventional myth of visualizing the potential as pushing a
unit charge in from infinity "against the force field" __ there isn't any
force field in the vacuum, as is well-known in quantum mechanics. Also,
Newton's third law requires all forces to occur in pairs __ each pair
consisting of a force and its 3rd law reaction force. From that viewpoint
alone, there is no such thing as an EM forcefield or forcefield wave in the
vacuum. There are just gradients of the vacuum potential present in the
vacuum. In the vacuum, an EM wave is actually a wave of the phase locked
gradients of the electrostatic scalar potential and of the magnetostatic
scalar potential. And each such gradient wave is simultaneously accompanied
by its phase conjugate gradient wave, because of Newton's third law.
Newton's third law requires forces to occur in pairs of equal but antiparallel
forces.
Both wave and antiwave co-exist simultaneously in the vacuum EM wave.[5]
Therefore it's a stress potential wave, not a force field wave. It's more
like an electromagnetic sound wave,[6] and so it is a longitudinal wave, not
a transverse wave. In the EM vacuum wave's interaction with matter (the so-
called "photon" interaction), the wave-half normally interacts with the
electron shells of the atom, giving translation forces, while the anti-wave
half interacts with the atomic nucleus, giving the Newtonian 3rd law reaction
(recoil) forces (waves). The EM wave in vacuum is an electrogravitational
wave.
Energy Is Internally Infinite and Unlimited: A static potential __ which is
identically excess energy __ is internally dynamic and infinite. Energy is
internally infinite and unlimited! But it has a finite energy density in a
local region of spacetime. Since energy interacts with matter locally, we
shall be concerned with the local energy density (joules per coulomb).
A Principle of Great Importance: The only way you can have a "chunk" or
finite amount of energy to dissipate in a circuit as work is to first have a
potential's local energy density interact with a local finite mass collector.
The normal interacting mass collector is the free electrons (the free
electron gas) in the circuit. You can have, e.g., (joules/coulomb x
coulomb); (joules/gram x grams); (joules/m3 x m3); etc.
Voltage, Force, Potential Gradients, Loads, and Work: Now let's look at
circuitry aspects. Conventionally they are a mess. Voltage is "essentially"
defined as the "drop in potential." In other words, it's the dissipation
(disordering) of a "finite amount" of potential gradient. But the only way
you can get a "finite amount" of infinite energy/potential gradient is by
first interacting the potential gradient's internal, finite, excess energy
density with a finite "collector" mass. E.g., (joules/coulomb available for
collection) x (coulombs collecting) = excess joules collected on the
interacting coulombs, available for dissipation.
So voltage is really the dissipation of a finite collection of excess EM
energy/potential gradient. The dissipation of potential or of its gradient
is not potential! You cannot logically define either potential or energy as
its own dissipation!
We presently use the notion of "voltage" in two completely contradictory ways
in electrical physics. Here's how we got the confusion: We take a potential
gradient (which has a local energy density), and we "collect" it across some
charged masses in a locality __ usually the free electrons in the free
electron gas in our circuitry. That is, we express the finite energy density
of the potential gradient (before collection onto charges) in the local
region in terms of energy per coulomb. The potential gradient actually is a
change to the ambient potential, and so it contains an excess energy density
(the magnitude may be either positive or negative). We then collect this
potential (actually this potential density) on a certain number of coulombs,
which places tiny little gradients of potential across (coupled to) each free
electron. The local excess energy density of the potential gradient
multiplied by the amount of collecting mass gives the amount of excess energy
collected (on the interacting charges/coulombs). On each collecting
particle, that little gradient, together with the coupling particle,
constitutes a tiny force. F is not just equal to ma (non relativistic case);
instead, F is identical to (ma), where (mass x acceleration) is considered as
a unitary, inseparable thing.. So that little potentialized electron (that
little EM force) moves itself around the circuit. In the load (scatterer),
the little potentialized electron (the little force) is subjected to jerks
and accelerations, thus radiating energy (shucking its gradient). Since this
is done in all directions in the scatterer (load), that gets rid of the
gradient, reducing the "little force" (potentialized electron) to zero
because the little potential gradient is lost due to radiation.
Collecting And Dissipating Energy
Energy Dissipation and Collection: Without further ado, we consider the
scalar potential's local energy density in terms of joules per coulomb. That
is, in a specific glob of charges (e.g., in finite circuits), the amount of
energy collected from a potential gradient onto the finite number of charges
receiving/collecting it, is equal to the number of joules of energy per
coulomb that is in the potential gradient, times the number of coulombs
collecting (receiving) the potential gradient. The current is the activated
(potentialized) coulombs per second that dissipate their potential gradients
during that second. The current multiplied by the time the current flows
gives the activated coulombs that dissipated their activation
(potentialization) during that flow time. Dissipating, activated coulombs
multiplied by the excess energy collected per activated coulomb gives the
energy dissipated (the work or scattering done) in the load.
We define collection as the connection of a potential gradient (a source) to
the charged masses in a circuit element (the element is called the
collector), which for a finite delay time does not allow its potentialized
free electrons to move as current. In the collector, during this delay time
these trapped electrons are "activated" by potential gradients being coupled
to them.
Technically, that delay time in the collector is known as relaxation time,[7]
in the case of the free electron gas [8] (in a wire or in a circuit element).
A collector then is a circuit element that has a usable, finite relaxation
time. During that relaxation time, the trapped electrons are potentialized
without movement as current; each collecting/receiving free electron gets a
little gradient across it, but no current yet flows. In other words, during
this finite relaxation time (collection time), we extract potential from the
source, but no current. Thus we extract energy (potential), but no power
(which is voltage x amperage). During the relaxation time, we extract from
the source only a flow of VPF, which is continually replaced in the source by
the vacuum's violent VPF exchange with the source's bipolarity charges. We
do not extract power from the battery/source during relaxation time, but we
extract free energy density. That free energy density, coupling with a
finite quantity of electrons, gives us a collected finite amount of energy.
With that background, let's start again, and go through this in a useful
"free energy" manner.
The Electron Gas. We refer to the conventional model of the free electron
gas in a wire.[9] Although the electrons in this gas actually move by
quantum mechanical laws and not by classical laws, we shall simply be dealing
with the "on the average" case. So we will speak of the electrons and their
movement in a classical sense, rather than a quantum mechanical sense, as
this will suffice very well for our purposes.
When one connects a circuit to a source of potential gradient (say, to a
battery), the first thing that happens nearly instantly is that the potential
gradient races onto the coupling wire and heads down it at almost the speed
of light. As it goes onto the wire, this gradient "couples" to the free
electrons in the free electron gas. However, inside the wire these electrons
can hardly move down the wire at all; they can only "slip" once in a while,
yielding a "drift" velocity of a fraction of a cm/sec.[10] On the surface,
things are just a little bit different. Most of the "current" in a wire, as
is well-known, moves along the surface, giving us the "skin" effect. [For
that reason, many cables are stranded of finer wires, to provide more skin
surface per cm3 of copper, and hence more current-carrying capability per cm3
of copper.]
So initially little gradients of potential appear on and across each free
electron, with a single little {del phi} on each electron, and coupled to it.
The couplet of [{del phi} dot {m sub e}], where {m sub e} is the mass of the
electron, constitutes a small [delta {E sub e}]. [This is rigorous; the
conventional EM notion that an E field exists in the vacuum is absurd, and it
is well-known in QM that no observable force field exists in the vacuum. As
Feynman pointed out, only the potential for the force field exists in the
vacuum,[11] not the force field as such. Or as Lindsay and Margenau pointed
out in their Foundations of Physics, one does not have an observable force
except when observable mass is present.[12]]. We have stated it even
stronger: Not only is F = ma, but F is identical to ma (nonrelativistic
case).[13] Since no observable mass exists in vacuum, then no observable F
exists there either.
Force, Coupled Gradients, and Electron Translation
Electrons Coupled to a Potential Gradient Move Themselves. The point is,
when activated by a "coupled potential gradient," the activated electron
moves itself until it loses its activation (its coupled potential gradient).
Let me say that again, in a little more detail. Forget the standard notion
that a force field such as the E-field causes electrons to move. Also forget
the notion that the E-field is given by E = -{del phi}. In foundations of
physics, those equations are known to be incorrect for the vacuum. EM force
fields are known (in QM foundations theory) to be effects, existing only in
and on the charged particles, and not existing separately at all,[14] or in
the vacuum at all.[15] Instead of E = -{del phi}, in the vacuum the correct
equation would be something like this: {P sub E} = -{del phi}. In this
case, we have correctly stated that the potential gradient {P sub E} provides
the potential for producing an antiparallel E-field in and on a coupling/
collecting charged mass, and the magnitude and direction of that potential
gradient will be given by -{del phi}, if and only if a charged mass particle
is first introduced so that it couples to {P sub E}.
At any rate, the activated/potentialized electron moves itself. The reason
is that it constitutes a force. Force is the identical to (mass x
acceleration) (non relativistic case). So the potentialized/activated
electron is continuously accelerating. However, it is prevented from easily
moving down the wire directly. To begin to do that, it essentially has to
first move to the outer skin of the copper conductor.
The Collector: We now consider a circuit element that we called a collector.
(It could be a special coil made of special material, a capacitor with doped
plates rather than simple conducting plates, or any one of a number of
things). The objective is for the collector to be made of special material
so that it has a free electron gas whose electrons are momentarily not free
to move as current (they continue to move violently around microscopically,
but essentially with zero net macroscopic translation) for a finite delay
(relaxation) time, while they are settling themselves upon the surface and
preparing to move as current. Let's call the electrons NNTE (no net
translation electrons) during that finite delay (relaxation time). During
that "no-current" delay time, the NNTE electrons become potentialized/
activated by the potential gradient impressed across the collector. So at
the end of the NNT time, the NNTE electrons are potentialized, and each is of
the form [{del phi} dot {m sub e}].
The Secret of Free Energy
Two Circuits/Two Cycles: We are going to use two circuits and two cycles, as
shown in Figure 2:
(1) We shall connect a collector to a primary source of potential (to a
battery) during the short time that current does not yet flow, but potential
does. (In other words, during the relaxation time of the collector, we allow
the VPF to flow onto the NNTE electrons of the collector and potentialize
(activate) them, but do not yet allow the electrons themselves to flow as
current, but only to move transversely in the wiring and collector.) This is
cycle one of a 2-cycle process: This is collection of a specific amount of
current-free potential gradient __ power-free energy __ off the potential-
source (the battery) onto a collector. During the collection cycle/time,
current does not and must not flow (we are discussing the ideal case). We
are freely "charging up" the collector as a secondary battery/source.
(2) At the end of the collection (potentialization/activation) time/cycle in
circuit one, the potentialized collector (the charged secondary source) is
sharply switched away from its connection to the primary potential source
(the battery), and at the same time it is instantly switched into a separate
closed circuit with the load. This is important: In cycle two, the
potentialized collector (with its finite amount of excess trapped EM energy)
and the load are connected in a completely separate circuit, and one that is
closed, with no connection at all to the original source of potential (in
this case, to the battery). Specifically, this "load and potentialized
collector" circuit is completely separate from the primary source; during
cycle two the primary source (the battery) is not connected to anything.
In other words, all we've taken from the primary source (the battery) is
current-free, force-field-free potential gradient. So to speak, we've taken
a "chunk of potential gradient" from the source, nothing else. You simply
multiply the potential gradient's local energy density (the so-called
"voltage", which is really excess joules per coulomb) by the number of
coulombs of charge that is "activated" (that "collects" this voltage or
excess joules/coulomb) in the collector, Specifically, we have not taken any
power from the battery itself, and so we have not done any internal work
inside the battery upon its internal resistance, by a "closed circuit
electron flow" back into the battery. We have not permitted such a flow.
Instead, we are using the activated collector as a temporary, secondary
battery. We will utilize this secondary battery in a conventional manner to
power the load, which will also kill the secondary battery (dissipate its
trapped EM energy). But that will not affect the primary source. The
primary source is never used to directly power the load. It is only used as
an infinite source of potential gradient (i.e., as an infinite source of
energy density).
The Standard Power Extraction Circuit
The Conventional Circuit: We digress momentarily: In the standard
electrical method, the potential source (which is a bipolarity) is connected
across the load. This connects both the external load and the internal
resistance of the battery itself in series, as the "total circuit load."
Electrons then pour through the external load circuit and through the
internal battery resistance, from the "electron rich" polarity of the source
to its "electron poor" opposite polarity. The scattering of energy in the
internal battery resistance is actually doing work to upset the chemistry
that is maintaining the battery's charge separation (the bipolarity). In
this manner the source's separation of charges (which is the "gate"
furnishing the potential/energy gradient) is being destroyed as the current
flows, and this in turn destroys the source of the potential gradient.
In other words, normally we engineers are trained to kill the bipolarity,
which kills the potential source itself! Incredible as it may be, we
engineers and scientists have been trained to utilize the free "trapped EM
energy" furnished by nature through the source, to destroy the source of the
energy/potential, with the same vigor as they power the external load! In
fact, our teachers simply have never learned any other way to do it except
this deliberately "self-destructive" manner!
A Waterwheel Analogy
Imagine, if you will, a waterwheel that powers a mill, with a sluice gate
upstream in a river, that diverts some river water into the sluice carrying
water to the wheel when the sluice gate is opened into the river. The
diverted water flows down to the waterwheel, turning it, and the spent water
is fed back into the river below the millsite. Now what fool would connect a
pulley onto the waterwheel, with a rope running from the pulley to the sluice
gate, so that when the wheel rotated, part of the rotational power also was
utilized to close the sluice gate and shut off the water, stopping the
waterwheel? If one did so, when the sluice gate was opened, the waterwheel
would rotate only until the sluice gate was closed, shutting off the water.
Then one would laboriously have to pay to reopen the sluice gate again, then
again, then again. No self-respecting "waterwheel engineer" would do such an
unthinkable, insane thing. But that's exactly what we engineers, electrical
physicists, and scientists have been trained to do! We have no energy
engineers or energy scientists at all; instead, we have all been power
engineers and power scientists. We have all been energy source killers! In
this paper we shall try to do better, and rectify "one of the most remarkable
and inexplicable aberrations of the scientific mind which has ever been
recorded in history," as Tesla called the conventional electromagnetics.[16]
By being energy engineers, we shall only have to pay for our energy source
once, and then we shall draw as much energy from it as we wish.
External Load Power Is Free; Only The Power In The Source Costs
Here's the magic secret of free electrical power: The power in the external
load is absolutely free, and it always has been free.[17] In any load
circuit the only power you have to pay for, and have ever had to pay for, is
the power you incorrectly use to kill your own primary source. The only
power that "costs" more effort/dollars is the power erroneously utilized
inside the source to "close the gate" and kill the primary source. Your
electric power company doesn't pay for any of the collected energy on your
load circuits that is dissipated to power your house. Instead, the power
company charges you for its own ignorance. It charges you for its insane use
of its own freely extracted electrical energy to continually kill the
bipolarity in each of its generators, thus continually killing the free
electrical source of that generator's energy.[18]
In any electric circuit, we can continue to indefinitely power the external
load indirectly from a source, so long as we are not so naive as to use any
of the free energy we extract from the primary source to dissipate back
inside the primary source itself and shut it off!
And we can easily and freely multiply electrical potential. As an example,
given a single good source of potential, a hundred radial wires can be
connected to the source. The same potential will now appear at each of the
ends of the hundred wires. A switcher/collector unit can then operate from
each radial line's end, and power external loads, without "loading" the
original primary source. This "cascading" can be continued indefinitely. A
single power plant, e.g., can power the entire electrical grid of the United
States. And a single automobile battery can power a large, agile, electric
automobile at highway speeds, with sports car acceleration, with unlimited
range, without "refueling," and with no noxious chemical exhaust.
Obvious Impacts
Environmentalists should immediately see that the chemical pollution of the
biosphere by mechanista and processes to obtain energy can be dramatically
reduced, to almost negligible levels. There need be no huge oil tanker
spills, for there need be no huge oil tankers. There need be no worrisome
radioactive wastes from nuclear power plants, or abandoned hazardous nuclear
plants when their life is finished, because there need be no nuclear power
plants. There need be no noxious exhausts from jet airplanes (which are
really what is diminishing the ozone layer and punching holes in it),
automobiles, trucks, buses, innumerable coal-fired and oil-fired power
plants, etc.
The Electronic Smog Problem
In fairness we point out that, as the usage of free electrical energy
mushrooms, we will be dramatically increasing the low-level EM signal density
of the environment, and that too is biologically detrimental. Although
beyond the scope of this paper, that cumulative biological damage mechanism
has also been uncovered by this author. A formal paper is in presently in
preparation for presentation in March 1993 at the annual meeting and
conference of the Alabama Academy of Science.[19] The paper will also
present an entirely new definition of cancer, give its exact long-term
cumulative mechanism, and give an exact, scientifically proven mechanism for
eliminating cancer, leukemia, and other debilitating diseases such as AIDS.
For our purposes here, we simply state that we understand the EM "electronic
smog" biological damage mechanism, and how to go about developing a total
counter for it. Eventually we would see a small "counter unit" added to each
power unit, alleviating the "electronic smog" problem and preventing
biological damage.
Only Dissipate Energy From a Collector, Not the Source
Completion of the Collection Cycle: But to return to the completion of our
collection cycle (cycle one). During collection, we have not extracted power
from the source. That is vital. We have not moved the gate through which
our source is furnishing free energy. We have not diminished our primary
source. From our previous definitions of potential, we have indeed extracted
trapped energy from the primary source, because we placed its "local energy
density" across a certain finite collector/mass, instead of extracting power
(dissipating energy inside the source or battery to spoil its chemistry and
deplete its charge separation.).
All Energy Is Free
Here's the incredible truth. The entire universe is filled with mind
boggling free energy everywhere, in the simplest of things. Simply scrape
your feet on the carpet, and you will collect perhaps 2,000 "volts" on your
body. At that time, hidden EM energy is flowing from every point in the
universe to your body, and from your body back to every point in the
universe. We know that all macroscopic matter is filled with stupendous
amounts of electrical charge. So an incredible river of energy __ a great
flux __ is driving every single thing, from the smallest to the largest.
Opening a gate to extract trapped EM energy is simple. Just collect a bit of
charge, or scrape your feet hard, or comb your hair briskly. All we have to
do is not be stupid and close the gate once we've got it opened!
God has been most kind. We have nothing but free energy everywhere. All
energy is furnished to us freely! It's our own blindness that has made us
into energy source killers. All we have to do is open our eyes to the truth
of nature's incredible energy bounty. We must just freely collect that
bountiful fruit from Nature's tree, instead of chopping down the tree and
killing it.
Dissipating The Collected Energy
The Work Cycle: We focus again on cycle two. Shortly after the now-
potentialized collector is connected to the load at the beginning of cycle 2
(the power cycle, or energy dissipation cycle, or work cycle), the potential
gradient across the potentialized collector is connected (transferred) across
the free electrons in the load circuit. We assume that the material of the
collector and the switching time have been designed so that, shortly after
switching to the loading/work cycle, the activated/potentialized free
electrons in the electron gas in the collector reach the skin of the
collector, and are free to move as current.
So just after the beginning of cycle two, each of the free electrons in the
load circuit now is potentialized and free to move down the wiring. Each
potentialized (activated) electron has its own little individual potential
gradient across it and coupled to it, due to the overall potential gradient
from the collector. Remember, prior to coupling to charges, this potential
gradient moves through the circuit at light speed. An EM potential gradient
coupled to a charged mass constitutes an EM force field (excess trapped EM
energy per coulomb, times the number of collecting coulombs). Now each
little free electron with its potential gradient forms a little E-field
(force/charge), and that little E-field (force/charge) is free to move.
That's all it takes to move (accelerate) the little activated electron's mass
through the load (the scatterer). We strongly stress that the potentialized/
activated electron moves itself. It doesn't care whether or not the external
battery is attached or not. It is its own little motorboat, with its own
little engine driving it.
As the little potentialized electrons reach the load (the scatterer), they
bang and clang around in there erratically. That is, the "scatterer" (load)
causes spurious accelerations ("scatterings") of these self-driven electrons.
As is well-known, when a charge is accelerated, it radiates photons. What
actually happens is that these little "jerked around" electrons shuck off
their little potential gradients in the load (in the scatterer, or the
"jerker-arounder") by emitting/radiating photons in all directions. Hence
the heat that is produced in the load; the heat is just these scattered
photons. The theory of calorimetry already states that all the excess energy
(on the potentialized electrons) will be dissipated as this heat (scattered
EM energy).
When all the potentialized electrons have radiated away their potential
gradients in the load (scatterer), they are no longer potentialized. The
free electron gas is again "quiescent" and no longer potentialized/activated
(again, we are talking about "on the average" from a classical viewpoint.).
Repetition and Review
Notice What We've Done: We took some trapped EM energy density (a chunk of
potential gradient, a "voltage" before current flows) from the source, by
switching that potential gradient (energy density, which is joules per
coulomb) onto a collector (containing a certain number of coulombs of trapped
charges) where the potential gradient activates/potentializes/couples-to
these temporarily non translating electrons. So the finite collector
collected a finite amount of excess energy [joules/coulomb x collecting
(trapped) coulombs] on its now-excited (activated) free electrons. Then
before any current has yet flowed from the source, we switched that
potentialized collector (with its temporarily restrained but potentialized
electrons; with their finite amount of excess trapped EM energy) away from
the source and directly across the load. Shortly thereafter, the relaxation
time in the collector expires. The potentialized electrons in the collector
are freed to move in the external load circuit, consisting of the collector
and the load, and so they do so. The scattering "shock collisions" due to
the erratic electron accelerations in the load shake off the little potential
gradients on the conduction electrons, emitting photons in all directions,
which we call "heat." In shaking off the photons, the electrons lose their
little potential gradients, hence lose their activation (excess EM energy).
Rigorously we have extracted some energy in trapped form, and allowed it to
dissipate in the load, "powering the load" for a finite discharge/dissipation
time and doing work.[20] Contrary to the conventional electrical power
engineering, we have also done this without doing any work inside the source
to diminish its ability to furnish potential gradient.
What Is Energy In An Electric Circuit?
Energy in an Electric Circuit: Here's the principle loud and clear. Energy
in an electric circuit involves only the potentialization and
depotentialization of the electron carriers in that circuit.[21] It involves
only the potential gradient (the joules per coulomb) collected by the circuit
to potentialize its electrons, and the number of coulombs of electrons that
are potentialized during the collection phase. Electric circuits simply
utilize electrons as carriers of "potential gradients," from the source to
the load, where these gradients and the activated electrons constitute excess
trapped EM energy. In the "shocking/scattering" occurring in the load, the
jerking (acceleration) of the electrons causes these activated (trapped-
energy-carrying) electrons to shuck off their potential gradients by emitting
them as scattered photons (heat).
If one is thoughtless enough to allow the primary potential source to remain
in the circuit during the "work" phase, then one is using the potentialized
electrons to also go back into the primary source and scatter energy from its
internal resistance (internal load), thereby disorganizing the organization
that was producing the source potential and energy in the first place. If
one does that, then all the while one is getting some work (scattering of
energy) in the load, one is also steadily getting some work done inside the
primary source to steadily destroy it! Literally one is killing the goose
that lays the golden eggs.
Continued Operations: But back to our circuit. After we complete one full
collection/discharge cycle, we wish to continue producing work in the
external load. So we simply switch the collector back away from the load and
onto the primary source, collect some more current-free potential, and again
independently switch the collector with its repotentialized free electrons
back across the load. We can repeat this two-cycle process to potentialize
the external load and power it as long as we wish, from a battery or other
source of potential, and never take any power at all from the primary
battery. We do not need to drain the battery or source at all, in order to
power a load, unless we attempt to power it directly. Powering the external
load is always free!
Nature has been most kind, and we have been most ignorant. You can have all
the trapped electrical energy you wish, from any source of potential, for
free. You can power all the external loads you wish, for free, by using a
collector as a secondary source, and simply shuttling potential between the
primary source and the collector.[22] But you cannot have power for free
from (in) the potential source. If you allow current flow in your collection
cycle, you are depleting the separated charges inside the battery that are
furnishing the source potential.
The Coal-Fired Locomotive
Rigorous Analogy of a Coal-Fired Locomotive. Now here's an exact analogy, to
assist in understanding. Imagine a coal-fired train, and a fireman shoveling
coal. He has an external load/scatterer of energy (the fire in the firebox
under the boiler). He has a primary source of potential/energy (the coal
car). No fireman in his right mind would ignite the coal in the chute of the
coal bin, to try and get some heat energy into the firebox! [That is, he
would not attempt to extract power from the source. Yet that's exactly what
all we engineers are trained to do at present.] Instead, the fireman takes
out (collects) a finite amount (a shovelful) of coal (trapped energy). Coal
per se (the potential gradient) has a certain energy density per unit volume
(trapped joules per unit volume of coal) and the shovel (collector) has a
certain volume. Accordingly, the shovelful of coal contains a certain amount
of trapped joules of energy. In the fireman's shovel (the collector), the
energy remains in totally trapped form, as coal not afire and without its
trapped energy being dissipated as work. [He doesn't act like a fool and
ignite the coal in the shovel either!] He then throws that shovel of coal
(collected trapped energy) onto the fire (scatterer), completely separately
from the coal bin/source. He continues to repeat his shoveling cycle, and
each shovelful of coal added to the fire dissipates additional energy,
powering the load.
The Free Energy Principle
All potential gradient (trapped excess energy density) is free for the
taking.[23] The potential is due to the violent VPF exchange between the
vacuum and the separated bipolar charges furnishing the source potential
gradient. The energy of the entire universe is flowing through that source
potential. You can have as much of this internal VPF flux energy (potential)
as you wish, as often as you wish, so long as you don't demand current (which
is power, or the rate at which the energy is being freed and dissipated).
It's really simple. You can have all the trapped energy you wish, from any
source. You cannot connect to the source and start to dissipate the energy
as power, however, without starting to close the "gate" from which your free
trapped energy is coming.
In other words, here's the iron rule: If you draw current, you kill the
bipolarity gate furnishing the potential gradient (source of energy density).
In that case, you kill the source. If you do not draw current, you do not
kill the bipolarity gate and you do not shut down the source. In that case,
you can continue to "use" it and extract trapped EM energy from it forever.
Definitions Again
Definitions: I'll put down some simple equations, that may help to explain
it more exactly. First we repeat some definitions.
Energy is any ordering imposed upon the virtual particle flux of vacuum. EM
energy is any ordering imposed upon the virtual photon flux of vacuum.
Static energy is an ordering (a template) which is stationary with respect to
the external observer. Dynamic energy is an ordering (a template) which is
stationary with respect to the external observer.
Potential: Any ordering imposed upon the virtual particle flux of vacuum.
Scalar potential is an ordering (template) that is not moving with respect to
the external observer. Vector potential is an ordering (template) that is
moving with respect to the external observer.
The scalar EM potential is any static (with respect to the external observer)
ordering imposed upon the virtual photon flux of vacuum. Etc.
Note again that energy and potential have exactly the same definition.
Potential is in fact trapped energy. Scalar EM potential is static EM energy
(to the external observer) or trapped (collected) EM energy. In other words,
if one takes off a differential of potential onto a fixed number of coulombs,
one takes off a certain magnitude of trapped EM energy. In other words, one
takes out a shovelful of coal from the coal car.
Importance of Separation of Charges
We Must Not Dispel the Separation of Charges In Our Source: The difference
in our coal- fired train analogy and our electrical circuit is that, in the
coal train, the coal in the coal car is not automatically and continually
replenished. Also, the coal in the coal car has already been collected by
the mass of the coal car, so it is not infinite. In the electrical circuit,
the potential gradient in the primary source is continually replenished,
automatically, and it is infinite (though it has a finite energy density).
The reason is simple. EM potential (in the normal sense) is actually a
virtual photon flux exchange between the vacuum (the entire vacuum, all over
the universe) and a charged particle or collection of charged particles.[24]
Thus the potential (gradient) is a powerful energy flux, pumped by the vacuum
and the entire universe, that continues automatically, so long as we do not
allow the collected charges in our bipolarity source to be dissipated. In
terms of a battery, we achieved separation of charges inside the battery by
chemical action, and we paid for that initially. Once separated, the charges
essentially stay separated (because of the chemistry) unless we foolishly do
something to dissipate them, such as upsetting the chemistry, so they are no
longer separated positive from negative. So if we don't do anything to these
separated charges, they continue to be driven by their fierce exchange of
virtual photon flux with the vacuum/universe. If we then simply extract some
of that flux exchange, without moving the charges, we are directly "gating"
trapped EM energy from the vacuum/charged particle VPF exchange.[25]
The Potential Is Infinite And So Is Its Energy Content
You Can't Dip The Ocean Dry With a Spoon: Let's say that another way. The
charged particles in our potential source are in a constant, seething,
equilibrium exchange of trapped EM energy with the entire universe. That
energy exchange is so enormous that, if we gate some of it out to collect on
some other "temporarily frozen" charges and potentialize/activate them, the
vacuum flux doesn't even miss it. It's like dipping a spoonful of water out
of the restless ocean. The hole is instantly filled, and the water
replenished. We can dip with that spoon as much as we wish, and the ocean
will never run dry, but will simply continue to furnish us water, spoonful by
spoonful.
The same is true in our electric circuits. We can have all the potential
(trapped EM energy density) we wish, for free, from a single source, so long
as we do not allow work to be done inside the source to close off our "gate"
and kill our primary source.
The Twisted Concept of Voltage
Before We Develop Some Pseudo-Equations: In the equations we wish to
develop, we have one problem, due to the lack of insight of conventional
electrical physicists. That is, they have insisted upon "measuring" and
expressing both the infinite potential (nondissipated) and a certain quantity
of potential (dissipated) in volts. So they say "a potential of so many
volts." That's nonsense, and totally erroneous. Rigorously, a voltage is a
drop or a dissipation of so much (a finite amount of) collected excess
potential/energy. You "measure" the voltage in a voltmeter by impressing a
potential gradient upon the electron gas in the circuitry, wherein you
collect or get in your voltmeter so much [(joules/coulomb) x coulombs]. A
tiny current (coulombs/second) from this internal collection then flows for a
finite time through the resistance of the voltmeter. So you dissipate
(joules/coulomb) x (coulombs/second) x (seconds), which gives a certain
amount of energy dissipated as work in moving the needle of the voltmeter.
The voltmeter is calibrated so that it effectively indicates the collected
energy per coulomb that was dissipated, and it calls that entity voltage. It
involves a finite amount of energy that has already been dissipated as work,
and it's a measure of the local energy density of the potential in terms of
joules/coulomb. It is not a measure of the potential proper. It's after the
fact; the extracted (collected) potential gradient it actually refers to
existed in the past, before the work (dissipation of the collected trapped
energy) was done. To refer to the potential before its dissipation as
"voltage" is precisely the same as confusing the future with the past. A
"potential (difference) of so many volts" is actually a statement that "a
potential difference of so much energy per coulomb" could be dissipated in a
load, if it were connected to the load so that a finite amount of energy was
collected, and this finite load-collection was allowed to dissipate as power
(volts/coulomb x coulomb/sec) for a finite time, yielding work. It's even
worse, but it would take a textbook to straighten out this one error in EM
theory.
So we'll leave it at that, and we'll adapt the notion of potential the way it
is corrupted in electrical circuit theory. There it's used not really as
energy, but rather as excess energy per coulomb of potentialized charge. I
apologize for that difficulty, which is not of my own making, but I must use
the conventional notion if we are to greatly clarify the pseudo equations.
The Equations of Free Energy
The Pseudo-Equations: Let us use the following subscripts and letter
convention, and develop the nomenclature needed:
T = trapped d = dissipated or dissipating
m = translated (moving) K = energy
V = volts = potential drop (potential dissipated)
= previously collected potential radiated away as heat in a load,
doing work on the load in the process. Unfortunately we shall
also have to speak of a potential gradient that is not being
dissipated, so we shall have to speak of "trapped volts" which
is erroneous, but complies with the common usage.
Phi = electrostatic scalar potential. Coul = coulombs
i = amperes = Dissipating potentialized coulombs per second flowing, so amps
are something translating, always. Amps are excited coulombs,
per second, that are dissipating their excitation. With
superconductivity excluded, you only have amps when you have
a potential drop across a load. So we will speak of amps as
"dissipating," meaning that potentialized electrons are
traveling through a load, dissipating their activation
(gradients) in the load by radiating scattered photons (heat).
n = number of electrons in a coulomb = 6.3 x 10^18 electrons/coulomb
Here are the pseudo equations (superconductivity is excluded):
{amp sub m}= could/sec = n electrons(m)/sec = n electrons(d)/sec [1]
{del phi}= {V sub T} (as conventionally referred to. It would be [2]
volts if all of it were dissipated, but it is
not yet dissipated, so it is sort of "trapped
volts". Erroneous, but the common use. So we
will speak (somewhat distastefully) of "trapped
volts" and "dissipated volts."
{V sub d} x {amp sub d} x sec = watts x sec = power x time = work = Kd [3]
{V sub d} x {coul sub d}/sec x sec = (work) = Kd [4]
In the switching, we switch {K sub T} to {K sub d} so
{K sub t} --> {K sub d} [5]
But {V sub T} x {coul sub T} = {K sub T} [6]
Or
[{V sub T}] = [{K sub T}]/[{coul sub T}] = trapped energy/ [7]
trapped coulomb
[{K sub T}] = [{V sub t}]x[{coul sub T}] = amount of trapped energy, [8]
each cycle
So that's what we were getting at. The amount of trapped energy you can
transfer (in other words, how much coal you get in one shovelful) depends
upon the number of trapped electrons you have in the trapped free electron
gas in the collector, and the potential gradient you apply to those trapped
coulombs to potentialize them.
Relaxation Time and Semiconductors
Relaxation Time: The time it takes for the free electrons in a conductor (or
material) to reach the skin of the wire after potential is applied, is of
course called the relaxation time. During that time, the free electrons in
the gas are "trapped" insofar as producing current (dissipation of the
potential) is concerned. However, immediately after the relaxation time
ends, current begins and dissipation of the trapped energy begins.
In copper, the relaxation time is incredibly rapid. It's about 1.5 x 10^-19
sec. However, in quartz it is about 10 days! So as you can see, we need to
get somewhere in between these two values, and so we will have to "mix" or
"dope" materials. We must get a sufficiently long relaxation time so that we
can switch and collect comfortably in cycle one, then switch into cycle two
for dispersion of the freely collected energy in the collector. However, the
relaxation time we get must also be short enough to allow quick discharge in
the load, as soon as we switch the primary source away from the collector.
Actually we need a degenerate semiconductor material instead of plain copper.
Degenerate Semiconductor Material: A semiconductor material is intermediate
between a good conductor and an insulator. It's a nonlinear material, and
doped. A degenerate semiconductor material is one which has all its
conduction bands filled with electrons, and so it thinks it is a conductor.
That is, a degenerate semiconductor is essentially a doped conductor, so to
speak. As you can see, we can increase the relaxation time in our
"conductors" connected to the source by making them of degenerate
semiconductor material. What we're talking about is "doping" the copper in
the wire, and in the collector, so that we can have plenty of time to
collect, and switch, and discharge, and switch, and collect, etc.
Now in a doped conductor (degenerate semiconductor), we can tailor the
relaxation time by tailoring the doping. We must dope the copper before we
make the wire. Why would we wish to do that? We want to overcome the single
problem that so far has defeated almost all the "overunity" researchers and
inventors.
WHEN YOU CONNECT TO A SOURCE, YOU CAN ONLY EXTRACT CURRENT-FREE POTENTIAL __
FREE "TRAPPED EM ENERGY" __ DURING THE ELECTRON RELAXATION TIME IN THE
CONNECTING CONDUCTORS AND SUCCEEDING CIRCUIT COMPONENTS. AFTER THAT, YOU'RE
STEADILY EXTRACTING POWER, AND THE ENERGY EXTRACTED FROM THE SOURCE IS BEING
PARTIALLY DISSIPATED IN THE RESISTANCE/LOADING OF THE CIRCUIT, AND PARTIALLY
DISSIPATED IN THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF THE SOURCE. IN THE LATTER
DISSIPATION, YOU'RE ALSO DISSIPATING YOUR SOURCE BY DOING WORK ON IT
INTERNALLY TO KILL IT.
Good Copper Wire: Bane of Overunity Inventors: Many destitute inventors,
tinkering and fiddling with overunity devices, finally get something (a
circuit or device) that does yield more work out than they had to input. At
that point they usually conclude that it's simply the specific circuit
configuration and its conventional functioning that produces the overunity
work. However, usually as soon as this configuration is more carefully built
with very good materials, boom! It isn't overunity anymore. The inventors
and their assistants then desperately bang and clang away, getting more
frustrated as the years pass. The investors get mad, sue for fraud, or get
in all sorts of squabbles. The scientists who tested it and found it
wanting, pooh-pooh the whole thing as a scam and a fraud, or just a seriously
mistaken inventor. Scratch one more "overunity" device.
Most of these inventors got their successful effect (and possibly
erratically) when they were struggling with inferior, usually old, usually
corroded materials. Actually, the more inferior, the better. The more
contaminated/doped, the better!
The moment you wire up your circuit with good copper wire connected between
the battery or primary source and any kind of load including the distributed
circuitry loading itself, you can forget about overunity. You will lose it
in the copper, after the first 1.5 x 10^-19 second!
Think of a really good conductor such as copper as an essentially linear
material. Linear means energy conservative. Overunity can only be done with
a highly nonlinear effect. So your "conductors" have to be made of nonlinear
materials. In fact, they have to be made of degenerate semiconductor
material. For the type of circuitry we are talking about, the copper has to
be doped and then made into "doped copper" wiring. You also have to utilize
the primary battery only to potentialize a collector (secondary battery/
source), and then use this secondary battery source to conventionally power
the load while also killing itself.
The Wiring And the Collector Must Be of Degenerate Semiconductor (DSC)
Material.[26] A good materials scientist/engineer, together with a decent
electrodynamicist, can readily design and tailor some doped copper wiring so
that the material in the wiring is a degenerate semiconductor material, with
a target (desired) relaxation time. That's what you should use to make the
wiring to connect up your source to the collector with, and that type of
material is also what you use in your collector. You can use either a coil
or a capacitor as the collector, but its "conductive" material has to be
degenerate semiconductor material __ in short, it must be doped to have the
proper relaxation time. From the collector to the load, however, obviously
you want to use a good conductor material. Ordinary copper will do nicely
there.
Once you do that, you're in business. When making the DSC material, simply
tailor the relaxation time to something which is easily switched. For
example, take one millisec. With a relaxation time of that long, switching
is easy. In fact, one could even use good mechanical switching. Or easily
use inexpensive ordinary solid state switching, without having to go all the
way to nanosecond switching.
Then in the collector you calculate the number of "trapped coulombs" you
have. Take the "trapped voltage" (current-free potential's energy density
per coulomb) you extract from the source during the electron relaxation time
after the collector is connected. Multiply the number of trapped coulombs in
the collector by the trapped voltage during collection, and you have the
amount of energy in joules that you extract FOR FREE, without paying for it,
from the source during every collection cycle.
Sources, Collectors, and Power
Tapping Vacuum Energy. You're getting the excess electrical energy directly
from the vacuum, as we briefly pointed out above. The vacuum will freely
replenish all the "trapped voltage" you extract from the primary source
during the electron relaxation time. It won't replenish a single bit of
"dissipated voltage" (power) you extract from the source.
Note that the same considerations apply in the collector. It's got to have a
somewhat longer electron relaxation time. Its electrons stay "unrelaxed"
during the collection cycle, and allow for some additional switching time to
connect to the load. The "trapped voltage" across the collector multiplied
by the number of trapped coulombs in it, gives the number of joules of FREE
EM ENERGY you extract and get into and onto the collector (the shovel). In
other words, that's your "shovelful of coal." You then throw the "shovelful"
onto the fire/load __ you simply disconnect the collector from the primary
source and connect it across the external load. The collector (secondary
battery) now powers the load and its own internal resistance, "killing"
itself while furnishing the energy for powering the external load as well.
The Source Can Be Almost Anything: You can use as a source a simple elevated
wire, to "tap" potential from the 200-300 volts/meter between earth and
ionosphere. Here again, you need to utilize calibrated, doped wire.
Finally, you must adjust the repetition switching in accordance with the
discharge time through the load. In other words, you have a serial process
as follows: (1) extract trapped energy (potential) from the source onto the
collector, delta t1. (2) Switch the collector off the source, onto the load,
during time delta t2. (3) Wait while the collected energy in the collector
discharges through the load, during time delta t3. (4) Switch the collector
back off the load and onto the potential source, during time delta t4. That
completes one cycle. The serial timing simply is [delta t1 + delta t2 +
delta t3 + delta t4].
If you balance all the doping and the materials design, and correlate the
switching, you can get all the free energy you wish. Properly utilized, a
single car battery can be used to power an electric automobile indefinitely.
Or even to power a battleship. In the real world, of course, you will
inevitably have a tiny bit of loss as you go, because there's a finite
(though high) resistance between the two poles of your battery. Handling
that is a piece of cake. Simply run a separate little collection circuit to
collect a little bit of trapped EM energy from the slowly leaking source, and
every so often feed the collected energy back into the battery as power, to
"reseparate" the charges (charge the battery) and replace the small amount of
the primary source's potential gradient that has been lost. The battery,
load, and "trickle charger" then become a closed-circuit free-energy source
that will last for years and years.
Limited Only By One's Imagination: Of course you can see many variants;
this is just the "master key." You can have multiple collectors, collecting
trapped energy simultaneously or in sequence off a single source, and pooling
their collected energy to more powerfully power the load. You can utilize a
very high "voltage", such as in the Swiss electrostatic overunity device, to
increase the energy collected per coulomb in each switching (in each
shovelful) in accord with equation 8. For a battery, you can set a separate
little collector/load device to trickle-charge the battery, overcoming the
small normal "leakage current" that does occur in batteries and in real
circuits and devices. The opportunities are endless. You can put in a unit
to take mostly only power-free energy from the "power line" feeding your
business or home, reducing your utility bill by, say, 90%. Or you can simply
build a small home power unit to do the whole job, for only a few hundred
dollars. This simple secret can be used to power the world, cheaply and
cleanly, and to clean up the biosphere.
Conclusion
Well, there you have it. I've given you the benefit of what required most of
my adult life to discover. The definitions advanced in this paper are
rigorous. It took years of sweat and tears to come up with them. They're
simple, but they will change your entire understanding of electromagnetics,
power, and energy once you grasp them. Please read them, and ponder them,
several times. One or two readings will not be sufficient to fully grasp
what is said here.
Also, hopefully by this time the reader is beginning to experience the same
emotions as I experienced when I finally discovered how simple it all really
was. First one wants to laugh for about two hours at how truly ignorant
we've all been. Then one wants to cry for about two hours for the same
reason. This could all have been done a century ago, if we had ever really
understood electromagnetics.
We've had this electromagnetics around for over 100 years __ Maxwell's book
was published in 1873. We got it wrong, starting right with Maxwell and his
use of the material ether, which was almost universally assumed at the time.
Still, by using quaternions, Maxwell succeeded in packing a great deal more
in the model than even he himself recognized. When the vector aspects
interacted to form a zero resultant translationally, those active
interactants were still in there and still fighting and interacting. The
scalar component of the quaternion remained, and infolded those struggling
vectors and functions of them inside itself. In short, it captured the case
where the electromagnetic energies are involved in translation actions which
nullify each other translationally (electromagnetically). However, the
energies are still in there in the continuing interactants inside the zero
vector resultant. As such, they are trapped EM energy. And it is the
trapped EM energy inside a mass __ not the mass per se __ which is
responsible for gravitation. In other words, Maxwell's theory already
correctly captured the unification of the gravitational field and the
electromagnetic field in 1873.
Then Heaviside et al forced Maxwell's theory into a vector framework,
throwing out the scalar component, and discarding the unification of
gravitation and electromagnetics along with it. Serious errors were made and
still exist in many of the fundamental definitions; in fact, many of them
aren't definitions at all. Nearly every engineer and physicist can readily
calculate potentials __ all, of course, on the "dissipation" side where the
potentials are actually the amount of potential that was collected upon a
collector and then dissipated. I could find hardly a single physicist who
really knew what a scalar potential was prior to a finite amount being
collected and dissipated as voltage. Yet 99% of them firmly believed they
understood the potential.
So now you have the results of this researcher's long and arduous quest for
the golden fleece. Please go forward with it, to make this a better and
cleaner world for everyone.
Just remember that the control and use of energy is personal power. The
control and use of absolute energy is the control and use of absolute
personal power. In the old adage, power corrupts and absolute power corrupts
absolutely.
Please use it wisely.
NOTES AND REFERENCES
[1] For a good discussion of the modern quantum mechanical view of the
vacuum, see I.J.R. Aitchison, "Nothing's plenty: the vacuum in modern field
theory," Contemporary Physics, 26(4), 1985, p. 333-391. See also T. D. Lee,
Particle Physics and Introduction to Field Theory, Harwood Academic
Publishers, New York, 1981 __ particularly Chapter 16, "Vacuum as the source
of asymmetry." See Timothy Boyer, "The classical vacuum," Scientific
American, Aug. 1985, p. 70; Walter Greiner and Joseph Hamilton, "Is the
Vacuum really Empty?", American Scientist, Mar-Apr. 1980, p. 154; Jack S.
Greenberg and Walter Greiner, "Search for the sparking of the vacuum,"
Physics Today, Aug. 1982, p. 24-32; Richard E. Prange and Peter Strance, "The
superconducting vacuum," American Journal of Physics, 52(1), Jan. 1984, p.
19- 21; R. Jackiw and J.R. Schrieffer, "The decay of the vacuum," Nuclear
Physics B, Vol. 190, 1981, p. 944. See Paul Davies, Superforce, Simon and
Schuster, 1984 for a layman's overview of modern physics, including the
modern view of the vacuum.
[2] E. T. Whittaker, "On the partial differential equations of mathematical
physics," Mathematische Annalen, Vol. 57, 1903, p. 333-355. Since the scalar
potential actually consists totally of a set of hidden bidirectional EM
waves, then scalar interferometry is possible, and not just an oxymoron as it
would seem without considering the inner wave structure of the scalar
potential. Two scalar potentials (each of which is a multi-biwave set) can
interfere; it is just a special kind of multiple wave interferometry between
their internal wave compositions. This is a major point of profound impact
on physics. Whittaker in fact showed that all classical EM could be replaced
by such scalar EM potential interferometry. See E. T. Whittaker, "On an
expression of the electromagnetic field due to electrons by means of two
scalar potential functions," Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society,
Series 2, Vol. 1, 1904, p. 367-372. Further, scalar interferometry has been
proven; today it is called the Aharonov-Bohm Effect. See Y. Aharonov and
D. Bohm, "Significance of Electromagnetic Potentials in the Quantum Theory,"
Physical Review, Second Series, 115(3), Aug. 1, 1959, p. 458-491. For
confirmation and discussion, see Bertram Schwarzschild, "Currents in normal-
metal rings exhibit Aharonov-Bohm Effect," Physics Today, 39(1), Jan. 1986,
p. 17-20. For an extensive discussion of the Aharonov-bohm effect and an
extensive list of references, see S. Olariu and I. Iovitzu Popescu, "The
quantum effects of electromagnetic fluxes," Reviews of Modern Physics, 57(2),
April 1985. Modern scientists have generally been unaware of the inner wave
structure of the interfering potentials and have utilized only quantum
mechanical theory for the interference. Consequently, they have been able to
experimentally establish the AB effect for only a few thousand angstroms
distance. With the Whittaker formulation, the AB effect becomes distant-
independent, because the necessary potentials can be fabricated as laser-like
beams, simply by assembling the proper Whittaker multibeam set. Also,
Ignatovich pointed out that the Schroedinger potential can also be decomposed
into just such an internal bidirectional EM wave set. See V. K. Ignatovich,
"The remarkable capabilities of recursive relations," American Journal of
Physics, 57(10), Oct. 1989, p. 873-878.
[3] See Richard W. Ziolkowski, "Exact Solutions of the Wave Equation With
Complex Source Locations," Journal of Mathematical Physics, Vol. 26, 1985, p.
861; "Localized Transmission of Wave Energy," Proc. SPIE, Vol. 1061,
Microwave and Particle Beam Sources and Directed Energy Concepts, 1989,
p. 396-397; "Localized Transmission of Electromagnetic Energy," Physical
Review A, Vol. 39, p. 2005; "Localized Wave Transmission Physics and
Engineering," Physical Review A, 1992, (in Press); "Localized wave
transmission physics and engineering," Proc. SPIE Conference on Intense
Microwave and Particle Beams II, Los Angeles, CA, vol. 1407, Jan. 1991,
p. 375-386. See Richard W.Ziolkowski, Amr M. Shaarawi, and Ioannis M.
Besieris, Nuclear Physics B (Proc. Suppl.), Vol. 6, 1989, p. 255-258; R.W.
Ziolkowski, and D.K. Lewis, D.K., "Verification of the Localized Wave
Transmission Effect," Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 68, 1990, p. 6083;
Richard W. Ziolkowski, Ioannis M. Besieris, and Amr M. Shaarawi, "Localized
Wave Represntations of Acoustics and Electromagnetic Radiation," Proceedings
of the IEEE, 79(10), Oct. 1991, p. 1371-1378; I.M. Besieris, A.M. Shaarawi,
and R.W. Ziolkowski, "A bidirectional travelling plane wave representation of
exact solutions of the scalar wave equation," Journal of Mathematical
Physics, 30(6), 1989, p. 806; A.M. Shaarawi, I.M. Besieris, and R.W.
Ziolkowski, "A novel approach to the synthesis of nondispersive wave packet
solutions to the Klein-Gordon and the Dirac equations," Journal of
Mathematical Physics, 31(10), 1990, p. 2511; "A nondispersive wave packet
representation of photons and the wave-particle duality of light,"
UCRL-101694, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 1989;
"Diffraction of a classical wave packet in a two slit interference
experiment," UCRL-100756, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore,
CA 1989; "Localized energy pulse trains launched from an open, semi-
infinite, circular waveguide," Journal of Applied Physics, 65(2), 1989,
p. 805; R.W. Ziolkowski, D.K.Lewis and B.D.Cook, "Experimental verification
of the localized wave transmission effect," Physical Review Letters, 62(2),
1989, p. 147; R.W. Ziolkowski and D.K. Lewis, "Verification of the localized
wave transmission effect," Journal of Applied Physics, 68(12), 1990, p. 6083;
M.K. Tippett and R.W. Ziolkowski, "A bidirectional wave transformation of the
cold plasma equations," Journal of Mathematical Physics, 32(2) 1991, p. 488;
A.M. Vengsarkar, I.M. Besieris, A.M. Shaarawi, and R.W. Ziolkowski,
"Localized energy pulses in optical fiber waveguides: Closed-form
approximate solutions," Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 1991.
[4] For a precise statement of the distortion correction theorem, see Amnon
Yariv, Optical Electronics, 3rd Edn., Holt, Rihehart and Winston, New York,
1985, p. 500-501.
[5] Both wave and antiwave co-exist in the vacuum simultaneously, forming a
stress wave. The entity that is stressed is the rate of flow of time. In
the common interaction with matter, the time-forward half of the stress wave
normally interacts with the electron shells of the atom, giving electron
translations forces. The time-reversed or anti-wave half interacts with the
nucleus, giving the Newtonian 3rd law reaction (recoil) forces. The so-
called "EM wave" in vacuum is a gravitational wave. It is a wave of
oscillation of the rate of flow of time. It is rather like a sound wave in
air, as Tesla pointed out, and it is a longitudinal wave, not a transverse
"string" wave.
[6] As pointed out by Nikola Tesla. Tesla was correct, and all the
textbooks with their transverse "string" waves are in error. There are no
strings in the vacuum!
[7] E.g., see Clayton R. Paul and Syed A. Nasar, Introduction to
Electromagnetic Fields, 2nd edn., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982, p. 113.
[8] E.g., see Clayton R. Paul and Syed A. Nasar, ibid., p. 100-101. See
also Raymond A. Serway, Physics For Scientists And Engineers, With Modern
Physics, Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia, PA, 3rd Edn., Updated
Version, 1992, p. 752-755.
[9] Sommerfield's theory of metallic conduction was based on Drude's concept
that the outer valence electrons of a conductor, which do not form crystal
bonds, are free to migrate through the crystalline lattice structure, and so
to form an electron gas. At room temperature, by quantum mechanical
considerations these free electrons are moving randomly, but at an average
velocity on the order of 106 meters per sec. E.g., see Martin A. Plonus,
Applied Electromagnetics, McGraw Hill, New York, 1978, p. 54-58, 62-3, 376-7.
If you wish to know just how much power exchange is driving the collisions of
the electron gas in a copper wire, here is an illustration. In one cubic
centimeter of copper wire, the power exchange in and out of the electron gas
is some 4 billion billion watts. That's the equivalent of 4 billion large
electric power plants, each of 1,000 megawatt capacity. And one cubic
centimeter of copper is a lump about the size of the end of your little
finger.
[10] E. g., see .Raymond A. Serway, ibid., p. 743-744 for a discussion and
calculation of the electron drift velocity in copper.
[11] Richard P. Feynman, Robert B. Leighton, and Matthew Sands, The Feynman
Lectures on Physics, Addison-Wesley, New York, Vol. 1, 1963, p. 2-4. In the
classical EM theory launched by Maxwell and later modified by Heaviside
et al, this problem did not exist for the original theoretical formulation.
In that formulation by Maxwell, and continued by Heaviside, a material ether
is assumed for the model. The Michelson-Morley experiments of 1887 destroyed
the notion of the material ether, but the classical electromagnetics model
has never been corrected to rectify its very serious foundations flaw in this
respect.
[12] Robert Bruce Lindsay and Henry Margenau, Foundations of Physics, Dover
Publications, New York, 1963, p. 283-287. Note on p. 283 that a "field of
force" at any point is actually defined only for the case when a unit mass is
present at that point. In spite of this, most classical electrodynamicists
continue to adhere to the notion that the EM field exists as such in the
vacuum, but do admit that physically measurable quantities such as force
somehow involve the product of charge and field. E.g., see J.D. Jackson,
Classical Electrodynamics, 2nd Edn., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1975,
p. 249. Note that holding such a concept is tantamount to holding on to the
material ether, and assuming that the vacuum itself is "measurable" or
"observable."
[13] The formula F = ma is simply an algorithm for calculating the magnitude
of the force. It states that "the magnitude of the force is equal to the
magnitude of mass that is accelerating, multiplied by the magnitude of the
acceleration." No such "equals" formula is a definition; it is only a
calculational algorithm.
[14] This falsifies one of the assumptions in the common notion of the
scalar potential; that its gradient in vacuum is a force field.
[15] For a discussion, see Y. Aharonov and D. Bohm, 1959.
[16] Nikola Tesla, "The True Wireless," Electrical Experimenter, May 1919,
p. 87.
[17] The power in the load is always the time rate of dissipation of energy
that has just been freely collected by the load for dissipation.
[18] One can foresee a day in the not too distant future when any power
company continuing to do such an unthinkable thing will have a class action
suit brought against it by its customers!
[19] T. E. Bearden, "Mechanism for Long-Term Cumulative Biological Effects
of EM Fields and Radiation," March 1993 (in preparation).
[20] Precisely analogous to a heat pump's operation - which as is well-known
can readily be "over unity" in its efficiency. The maximum efficiency of the
heat pump is about 8.22. E.g., see David Halliday and Robert Resnick,
Fundamentals of Physics, 3rd Edition Extended, John Wiley and Sons, New York,
1988, Volume 1, p. 510-519.
[21] External power in an electric circuit refers to the dissipation rate
(in the circuit's external load) of the potential gradients on the activated/
potentialized electrons. Internal power refers to the dissipation rate in
the circuit's bipolarity source.
[22] We call strong attention to T.W. Barrett, "Tesla's Nonlinear
Oscillator-Shuttle-Circuit (OSC) Theory," Annales de la Fondation Louis de
Broglie, 16(1), No. 1, 1991, p. 23-41. In this important paper, Barrett
shows that a higher topology EM, such as quaternion EM, allows many things to
be accomplished with circuitry that are not apparent to a conventional vector
or tensor analysis of that circuitry. He also shows that Nikola Tesla's
circuits accomplished this higher topological functioning.
[23] It is easy to test this. Connect several different wires to a single
source of potential gradient. With respect to ground, the end of each one of
those wires has the same potential gradient as does the original source with
respect to ground. If you connect 10 wires to a single "100-volt" potential
gradient source, you will have ten 100-volt potential gradients appear. You
can use each of these ten potential gradients as a primary source. From each
of these new primary sources, you can branch ten more, and now have a hundred
potential gradient sources. You can treat each of these hundred new sources
now as a primary source. To each one, you can add a switcher, collector, and
external load, and drive all 100 loads. Or instead, you can put ten
switcher/collector/external load circuits with each of the hundred new
primary sources, and power all 1,000 external loads. Energy/potential is
free from any source, so long as you do not demand power from the same
source.
[24] Per Whittaker and Ziolkowski, this VPF exchange __ from consideration
of its wave aspects __ consists of a harmonic series of bidirectional waves.
[25] We are easily permitted to have free energy and violate the "local
energy conservation law for a closed system." This is because the system is
not closed, and so instead we must apply local energy conservation for an
open system with a hidden source. In any given time interval, the energy
taken (scattered) from the system as external work cannot exceed the sum of
the unscattered trapped energy that was in the system initially and the
unscattered energy that flowed into the system during that time interval.
[26] You can actually do away with the separate collector, and utilize the
doped copper DSC material itself as the collector. However, you will not be
able to collect nearly so much energy in each collection cycle, for
dissipating in the load in the subsequent work cycle.
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