LSD FAQ
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Generic name for the hallucinogen lysergic acid diethylamide-25. Discovered by Dr. Albert Hofmann in 1938, LSD is one of the most potent mind-altering chemicals known. A white, odorlesspowder usually taken orally, its effects are highly variable and begin within one hour and generally last 8-12 hours, gradually tapering off.
It has been used experimentally in the treatment of alcoholics and
psychiatric patients. It significantly alters perception, mood, and
psychological processes, and can impair motor coordination and skills.
During the 1950s and early 1960s, LSD experimentation was legally
conducted by psychiatrists and others in the health and mental health
professions. Sometimes dramatic, unpleasant psychological reactions
occur, including panic, great confusion, and anxiety. Strongly
affected by SET and SETTING. Classification: hallucinogens. Slang
names: acid, sugar. See also appendix B. (RIS 27:211-52 entries)
Drug Slang Terms:
Acid, Animal, Barrels, Beast, Big D, Black tabs, Blotter, Blue acid,
Blue chairs, Blue cheers, Blue mist, Blue vials, Brown dots, California
sunshine, Cap, Chief, Chocolate chips, Coffee, Contact lens, Crackers,
Cube, Cupcakes, "D", Deeda, Domes, Dot, Electric Kool Ade, Flash, Flat
blues, Ghost, Grape parfait, Green wedge, Hawaiian sunshine, Hawk,
Heavenly blue, Haze, Instant Zen, "L", Lason sa daga, LBJ, Lucy in the
sky with diamonds, Mellow yellows, Microdots, Mighty Quinn, Mind
detergent, Orange cubes, Orange micro, Orange wedges, Owsley, Owsley's
blue dot, Paper acid, Peace, Peace tablets, Pearly gates, Pellets, Pink
Owsley, Pink wedge, Pure love, Purple barrels, Purple flats, Purple
haze, Purple hearts, Purple ozoline, Royal blues, Sacrament, Sandoz's,
Smears, Squirrel, Strawberries, Strawberry fields, Sugar, Sugar lumps,
Sunshine, Tabs, Ticket, Twenty-five, Vials Wedding bells, Wedge, White
lightning, White Owsley's, Window pane, Yellow dimples, Yellows, Zen
-- Research Issues 26, Guide to Drug Abuse Research Terminology,
available from NIDA or the GPO, page 54.
from the Physician's Desk Reference:
Delysid (LSD 25)
D-lysergic acid diethylamide tartrate
Sugar-coated tablets containing 0.025 mg. (25 ug.)
Ampoules of 1 ml. containing 0.1 mg. (100 ug.) for oral
administration.
The solution may also be injected s.c. or i.v. The effect is identical with that of oral administration but sets in more rapidly.
PROPERTIES
The administration of very small doses of Delysid
(1/2-2 ug./kg. body weight) results in transitory distur-
bances of affect, hallucinations, depersonalization, reliv-
ing of repressed memories, and mild neuro-vegetative symp-
toms. The effect sets in after 30 to 90 minutes and gen-
erally lasts 5 to 12 hours. However, intermittent distur-
bances of affect may occasionally persist for several days.
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION
For oral administration the contents of 1 ampoule of
Delysid are diluted with distilled water, a 1% solution of
tartaric acid or halogen-free tap water.
The absorption of the solution is somewhat more rapid
and more constant that that of the tablets.
Ampoules which have not been opened, which have been
protected against light and stored in a cool place are
stable for an unlimited period. Ampoules which have been
opened or diluted solutions retain their effectiveness for 1
to 2 days, if stored in a refrigerator.
INDICATIONS AND DOSAGE
a) Analytical psychotherapy, to elicit release of
repressed material and provide mental relaxation, par-
ticularly in anxiety states and obsessional neuroses.
The initial dose is 25 ug. (1/4 of an ampoule or 1
tablet). This dose is increased at each treatment by
25 ug. until the optimum dose (usually between 500 and
200 ug.) is found. The individual treatments are best
given at intervals of one week.
b) Experimental studies on the nature of psychoses: By
taking Delysid himself, the psychiatrist is able to
gain an insight in the world of ideas and sensations of
mental patients. Delysid can also be used to induced
model psychoses of short duration in normal subjects,
this facilitating studies on the pathogenesis of mental
disease.
In normal subjects, doses of 25 to 75 ug. are generally
sufficient to produce a hallucinatory psychosis (on an
average 1 ug./kg. body weight). In certain forms of
psychosis and in chronic alcoholism, higher doses are
necessary (2 to 4 ug./kg. body weight).
PRECAUTIONS
Pathological mental conditions may be intensified by
Delysid. Particular caution is necessary in subjects with a
suicidal tendency and in those cases where a psychotic
development appears imminent. The psycho-affective lability
and the tendency to commit impulsive acts may occasionally
last for some days.
Delysid should only be administered under strict medi-
cal supervision. The supervision should not be discontinued
until the effects of the drug have completely worn off.
ANTIDOTE
The mental effects of Delysid can be rapidly reversed
by the i.m. administration of 50 mg. chlorpromazine.
Literature available on request.
SANDOZ LTD., BASLE, SWITZERLAND
9792*-Z1540 e.-sp./d.-fr.<br>
Printed in Switzerland.
---
From: An Introduction to Pharmacology 3rd edition, JJ Lewis, 1964 (p 385)
Peripheral Actions
These include an oxytocic action and constriction of the blood vessels
of isolated vascular beds. In intact animals LSD causes a fall in
blood pressure, but its adrenergic blocking potency is low.
LSD causes mydriasis in man and other species. It also causes
hyperglycaemia and mydriasis, has a hyperthermic action and causes
piloerection. These effects are sympathetic in nature and are
abolished by ganglion blocking or adrenergic blocking agents.
Parasympathetic effects include salivation, lachyrmation, vomiting,
hypotension, and brachycardia. Low doses stimulate respiration but
larger doses depress it.
(nb: mydriasis = pupillary dilation)
Hoffman thought the diethylamide version of the lysergic acid molecule
might be a respiratory stimulant...
The "speedy" quality of unadulterated LSD is due to the pharmacological
actions of LSD itself, and not necessarily due to decomposition or impurities.
LSD typically causes early adrenergic effects such as sweating, nervousness,
jaw grinding and insomnia which are easily confused with the side effects
of amphetamine.
ADDICTION POTENTIAL:
Zero physical addiction potential. Not something that makes you want to
do it again immediately. Rarely people use it to escape in a negative
way or as part of "polydrug abuse" behavior.
ADULTERANTS:
Several problems are associated with street drugs: their unknown
purity and their unknown strength. Because of its extreme cheapness
and potency, the purity of LSD in blotter form is not an issue: either
its lsd or untreated paper. The purity of powders, pills, and liquids
cannot be assumed as safe. With regards to uncertain strength, the
strength of hits these days is low, 100 micrograms or so. One should
be careful and assume that the smallest square in a tiling of a sheet
is a dose, even if a printed pattern covers several. An experienced
person could judge the strength of a dose, and if it is assumed all
doses on a sheet have been processed equivalently, those doses would
be calibrated for others, much like anything else.
From _Psychedelic Chemistry_ by M.V.Smith, 2nd edition p 5:
"There is a great deal of superstiction regarding purification of
psychedelics. Actually, any impurities which may be present as a
result of synthetic procedures will almost certainly be without any
effect on the trip. If there are 200 micrograms oof LSD in a tablet,
there could only be 200 mics of impurities present even if the LSD was
originally only 50% pure (assuming nothing else has been added), and
few compounds will produce a significant effect until a hundred to a
thousand times this amount has been ingested. Even mescaline, which
has a rather specific psychedelic effect, requires about a thousand
thimes this amount."
Note that: 1) on a piece of paper, vs. a tablet, you can't even add
significant amounts of adulterants 2) adulterants would cost, whereas
blank paper will rip someone off just as well.
LSD itself has some "body-kinks" on some people some times. nausea is
one of them. its usually mild and transient. it also has speedlike
(ie, adrenergic stimulation) effects, etc.
[Referring to strychnine] 15 mg has been fatal, but a more typical
fatal dose is on the order of 50mg. 1 mg of strychnine orally
probably has no observable pharmacological effects in a typical adult.
[1 mg being ten times the effective dose of LSD, by the way.]
BAD TRIPS:
A person on LSD who becomes depressed, agitated, or confused may
experience these feelings in an overwhelming manner that grows on
itself. The best solution is to remove disturbing influences, get to
a safe, comforting environment, and reassure the tripper that things
are alright. It may comfort those who fear that they are losing their
minds to be reminded that it will end in several hours.
Authorities are fond of administering injections of anti-psychotic
drugs. Recovery in the presence of authorities, in hostpitals or
police stations, is not pleasant. Sedatives or tranquilizers such as
Valium may help reduce panic and anxiety, but the best solution is
calm talking. Some claim that niacin (an over the counter vitamin
supplement) can abort a trip, but this may be due to a placebo effect
(niacin produces a flushing effect).
MYTHS:
LSD does not form "crystals" that reside in the body to be "dislodged"
later, causing flashbacks. LSD is a crystalline solid (though it is
unlikely that one would ever have enough to be visible to the naked
eye) but it is easily water soluable, thus cannot form bodily
deposits. Furthermore, it is metabolized and excreted in hours. The
bogus "loosened crystal" description in not necessary to explain
flashbacks, which are psychological phenomena (see FLASHBACKS).
LSD does not cause chromosome damage.
Some urban legends: I've heard two "stories" about people blinding
themselves on "drugs". One was revealed as a hoax by the person who
perpetrated it (apparently it was intended to "illustrate" the dangers
of LSD), another is trotted out by anti-drug speakers at high schools:
1) Seven people on LSD stared at the sun and lost 90% of their reading
vision.
2) A teenager arrested while on LSD plucked out his eyeballs in his
jail cell, and felt no pain.
While these are bogus, the drug has powerful effects on the mind
and the consumer should be aware of the hazards, and act appropriately.
DANGERS:
Purely psychological hazards, not harmful to body. May release latent
psychosis or exacerbate depression. There is also a danger of foolish
behavior, e.g, misjudging distances or thinking one can fly. Physical
overdose is not a hazard, though one may easily ingest more
than one may be able to handle psychologically.
Because the "LSD psychosis" is not distinguishable from non-drug-
induced psychosis, we have reasonable evidence to conclude that LSD
was not the sole cause of psychosis. Instead, it would seem that the
drug brought on the problems in vulnerable individuals.
Interestingly, the rate of parental alcoholism was found to be much
higher in LSD patients than in other patients or in the general
population by one study (Vardy and Kay, Arch-Gen-Psych, 1983 40(8):
877-83).
Lethal (toxic) doses of LSD are conservatively several tens of
thousands of times as much as a normal dose, making it (in the toxic
sense) one of the safest drugs known. See section on Pharmacology for
description of side-effects.
The LD50 for psilocybin is 275 mg/kg i.v. in mice. Of course, it
would take lots more p.o. to kill someone.
The reported LD50 values for LSD are 46, 16.5, 0.3 mg/kg i.v. for mice,
rats, and rabbits, respectively. Again, it's hard to accurately translate
these numbers to oral values.
Never take any drugs while pregnant.
FLASHBACKS:
Quoted without permission from 'Licit and Illicit Drugs,' written by
Edward M. Brecher and the editors of Consumer Reports. ISBN: 0-316-15340-0
A simple explanation of LSD flashbacks, and of their changed character
after 1967, is available. According to this theory, almost everybody suffers
flashbacks with or without LSD. Any intense emotional experience--the death
of a loved one, the moment of discovery that one is in love, the moment of an
automobile smashup or of a narrow escape from a smashup--may subsequently and
unexpectedly return vividly to consciousness weeks or months later. Since
the LSD trip is often an intense emotional experience, it is hardly surprising
that it may similarly "flash back."
<end quote>
INSOMNIA:
Insomnia occurs frequently after the trip. A mild,
over-the-counter sleeping aid can help, and these antihistamines do
not produce adverse interactions. Also, some people like to consume a
small amount of alcoholic beverage to "smooth the jitteries". The
usual precautions about sleeping aids after alcohol consumption apply
of course.
TOLERANCE:
Aquired rapidly, within 3 days. Tolerance dissipates equally rapidly,
without withdrawl, craving, or symptoms of addiction.
Cross-tolerance can and is developed between other indole
hallucinogens, eg, DMT, LSD and Psilocybin.
CHEMISTRY:
lysergic acid diethylamide _is_ lysergic acid diethylamide (or...
N,N-diethyl-D-lysergamide or...
9,10-Didehydo-N,N-diethyl-6-methylergoline-8B-carboxamide).
Only one stereoisomer is psychoactive.
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide is LSD rather than LAD because the German word
for acid is sauer (sp).
Ergot is a product of the fungus Claviceps purpurea. The bio-active
ingredients of ergot are all derivatives of lysergic acid. LSD is a
semisynthetic derivative of lysergic acid. Thus LSD is an
"ergot"-like substance.
MECHANISM OF ACTION:
(Note: the mechanism of action of LSD and other psychedelics is uncertain.)
From a chapter titled Hallucinogens and Other Psychotomimetics: Biological
Mechanisms by S.J.Watson
"The current thesis of the effect of indole hallucinogens on
5-hydroxytrypamine might be stated as follows: LSD acts to
preferentially inhibit serotonergic cell firing and seems to spare
postsynaptic serotnergic receptors. This preference is shared by
other simillar hallucinogens but in a limited fashion.
Nonhallucinogenic analogs of LSD show no preference. These results
suggest that there are two different steric conformation of
serotonergic receptors, one of chiwh has higher affinity for LSD than
the other. in general, 5-ht is an inhibitory transmitter; thus, when
its activity is decreased, the next nuron in the chain is freed from
inhibition and becomes more active. since serotnergic systems appear
to be intimately involved int eh control of sensation, sleep,
attention, and mood, it may be possible to explain the actions of LSD
and other hallucinogens by their disinhibition of these critical
systems.
There is also evidence for interaction with dopaminergic systems.
LSD acts as a 5HT autoreceptor agonist in the raphe nucleus. These
autoreceptors are typically considered to be 5HT1As. It also acts as
a 5HT2 agonist, which is thought to be the main site of hallucinogenic
activity. It's probably best called a a mixed 5HT2/5HT1 receptor partial
agonist.
I don't know of its effects on DA. Wouldn't be surprised if it has 'em;
the systems aren't really functionally separable. The DA effects wouldn't
be necessary for hallucinogenic activity, I'd bet.
"If there's no documentation, you can't tell bugs from features." ---C.P.
RELATED COMPOUNDS:
Related compounds are the indole hallucinogens including DMT
(dimethyl-tryptamine), DET (diethyl-), etc.; psilocybin; lysergic
acid. DMT is very fast acting, lasting less than an hour.
Psilocybin, found in hallucinogenic (aka magic or mexican) mushrooms,
has effects similar to LSD but they work for approximately half the
duration. These are all indole derivatives like the neurotransmitter
serotonin, 5-hydroxy-tryptamine. "Indole" is the name of the 6-carbon
ring attached to the 5-ring containing a nitrogen. The lysergic acid
molecule contains an indole structure plus additional rings.
LSD's two ethyl groups hanging off the amine may be replaced with
other carbon chains for compounds with different durations, potencies,
and effects.
While LSD is semi-synthetic, DMT and psilocybin are found in nature.
See the sections on BOTANY and ANTHROPOLOGY for info on related
natural (plant) compounds and their uses.
1) DMT, DET, psylocin, psylocybin, : The mushroom psylocybin
cubensis contains all four of these indole derivatives, as well as
others. DMT is dimethyltryptamine, an indole derivative which has
functionalized at the 3 position with the dimethyl ethylamine group.
It is a close relative to the amino acid, tryptophan, which until
recently was available in bulk at vitamin shops, until some jerk
poisoned himself by taking a wonga dose of it. A prep came out in
1984 for LSD using l--tryptophan as the precursor, so this may have
facilitated the government's pullin it from the shelves. I can't find
tryptophan anywhere, now, and I've tried, bud.
DMT, and it's brother DET (diethyltryptamine), have no oral
activity, so have to be smoked. They stink like fish oil when
lit, though. Both have hallucinogenic effects within 2-3 minutes of
toking, wand while DMT lasts for only a half hour, DET is a smoother,
more euphoric high, lasting twice as long. DET has effects similar
to psylocybin.
Psylocybin is DMT which has a functional group, phosphoryloxy-,
at the 4 position on the indole ring. This group is immediately converted
to hydroxyl- as soon as the stuff hits your stomache to give the
cousin, psylocin. In preparing the drug, then, it is not necessary
to proceed beyond the psylocin.
DMT and DET are easily derived from many indole derivatives, the
easiest of which is indole-3-acetic acid. I've done this reaction and it
stinks to high heaven of indole gunge, skatoles (methylindoles), and
indenes. Bad news if you want to make it at home, because the stench is
pervasive. Other derivatives, using phenyl or butyl groups have been
reported as having oral activity, so it is not necessary to smoke the
stuff. Doses run at about a hundred mgs for smoked drug, while psylocin
is orally active at about 5 mgs.
For a good reference work on these compounds, their preps, and
effects, see Michael Valentine Smith's "Psychedelic Chemistry," publisher
unknown.
DRUG TESTING:
No risk. Its not looked for, hard to find, and transient.
"A maximum concentration of 2-8 ng/ml [Plasma concentration of LSD]
was reached 1.0-1.25 h after an oral dose of 160 ug.
...[A] value of 2.9 h for the elimination half-life of LSD from
plasma [was reached].
[Upshall, D.G., Wailling, D.G.: The determination of LSD in
human plasma following oral administration.
Clinica Chimica Acta 36, 67-73 (1972)]
Second of all, LSD and its metabolites are detectable in the urine
for much longer than one hour.
"LSD and its metabolites were still detectable in human urine for
as long as 4 days after the ingestion of 0.2 mg of the drug.
[Faed, E.M., McLeod, W.R.: A urine screening test of lysergide.
Journal of Chromatographic Science. 11, 4-6 (1973)]
Note that standard, cheap initial drug screening does not use
chromatography or mass-spectrometry, and does not look for LSD.
Spinal taps are not particularly useful (cerebro-spinal fluid doesn't
concentrate LSD or metabolites) and are never done under any
circumstances: they are painful and dangerous.
1] How long can LSD be detected in the body?
This varies by the test being used, the detection limit placed on the test,
the point of collection and type of the sample fluid, the amount of LSD that
was taken, and the individual in question.
Assuming the testers are using an RIA screening test with the cutoff set
at 0.1 ng/ml and assuming that the user has recently emptied their bladder,
then the detection limit for one hit (100 ug) is normally around 30 hours.
Each doubling of the initial amount will add about 5 hours.
Thus taking 8 hits will leave a user vulnerable for approximately 2 days.
(NOTE: This is based on the data in [7])
2] What exact form of test can be used to detect LSD in the body?
There are a number of tests which can be used to detect LSD in the body.
Abuscreen, a product of Roche Diagnostic Systems, is a series of
RadioImmunoAssay (RIA) tests, one of which is used to detect LSD and
its metabolites in whole blood, serum (blood), urine and stomach contents [1].
RIA can in theory be used to detect quantities as small as 0.020 nanograms (ng)
per milliliter (ml) of sample [2]. Laboratory tests have shown that RIA
results are accurate down to at least 0.1 ng/ml [3]. The manufacturer
recommends limiting the cutoff to 0.5 ng/ml.
EMIT, a product of Syva Corporation, is another series of tests, one of
which can be used to detect LSD and its metabolites in serum and urine.
EMIT stands for Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique.
Both EMIT and Abuscreen are "positive/negative" response tests (much like
pregnancy tests) which require periodic equipment calibration and consume
chemicals for each test performed. A basic battery of tests costs approx.
$15-$25 per person [4]. The basic tests (recommended by NIDA) include
marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, opiates, and phencyclidine (PCP).
Normally, unless an (employer) specifically requests the test, an LSD
assay is not run.
Both Roche and Syva recommend confirmation of positive results by using
a different test. The usual method of confirming positive results is
some form of chromatography. These include High Performance Thin Layer
Chromatography (HPTLC)[3], and different forms of Gas Chromatography/Mass
Spectrometry (GC/MS)[5][6][7][8][9]. HPTLC and GC/MS can be used to give
quantitative results as opposed to the Boolean results from EMIT or Abuscreen.
Laboratory tests have shown that GC/MS test for LSD in urine[6] and
blood[7] can be accurate down to 0.1 ng/ml. The cost for confirmation
of a positive screening test is approximately $50-60.
Positive results to either EMIT and RIA are held to be "probable cause"
by U.S. courts. GC/MS results are held to be "proof" by U.S. courts.
Immunoassays chemicals are created by injecting animals (rabbits, sheep,
donkey, etc) with the drug to be tested for and an albumin which force
the animal to produce antibodies. The antibodies are then removed from
the animal, purified and bottled. In RIA tests, the antibodies are then
added to the fluid sample with a radioactively labeled chemical. Any of
the drug (or similar chemicals) found in a sample that is being tested
will react with this glop and by measuring the radioactivity, the amount
of drugs can be determined [2][10].
3] How can such a test be beaten?
While there is some literature on adulterating urine samples to produce
false negative results [11], there has been little written that applies
specifically to the LSD screening tests.
The immunsoassay tests vary in their specificity. Some display a relatively
low cross-reactivity[13], others a high cross-reactivity[14]. The exact
metabolites of LSD in humans have not been fully determined yet, though
animal studies have been done. The only verified human metabolite I could
find in the literature was N-demethyl-LSD[6] but I did not check all the
references.
FOOTNOTES:
[1]
Altunkaya, D; Smith R.N.
"Evaluation of a commercial radioimmunoassay kit for the detection of
lysergide (LSD) in serum, whole blood, urine, and stomach contents"
Forensic Science International. v47n2, September 1990, p113-21.
[2]
Taunton-Rigby, A.; Sher, S.E.; Kelley, P.R.
"Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Radioimmunoassay"
Science. v181, July 13 1973, p165-6.
[3]
McCarron, M.M.; Walberg, C.B.; Baselt, R.C.
"Confirmation of LSD intoxication by analysis of serum and urine."
Journal of Analytical Toxicology. v14n3, May-June 1990, p165-7.
[4]
Berg, E.
"Drug-testing methods: what you should know."
Safety & Health. v142n6, Dec 1990, p52-6.
[5]
Lim, H.K.; Andrenyak, D.; Francom, P.; Bridges, R.R.; Foltz, R.L.
"Determination of LSD in urine by capillary column gas chromatography
and electon impact mass spectrometry."
Journal of Analytical Toxicology. v12n1, Jan-Feb 1988, p1-8.
[6]
Lim, H.K.; Andrenyak, D.; Francom, P.
"Quantification of LSD and N-demethyl-LSD in urine by gas chromatography/
resonance electron capture ionization mass spectrometry."
Analytical Chemistry. v60, July 15 1988, p1420-25.
[7]
Papac, D.I.; Foltz, R.L.
"Measurement of lysergic acid dietylamide (LSD) in human plasma by gas
chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry."
Journal of Analytical Toxicology. v14n3, May-June 1990, p189-90.
[8]
Paul, B.D.; Mitchell J.M.; Burbage, R.; Moy, M; Sroka, R.
"Gas chromatographic-electron-impact mass fragmentometric determination
of lysergic acid diethylamide in urine."
Journal of Chromatography. v529n1, July 13, 1990, p103-12.
[9]
Blum, L.M.; Carenzo, E.F.; Rieders, F.
"Determination of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in urine by instrumental
high-performance thin-layer chromatography."
Journal of Analytical Toxicology. v14n5, Sep-Oct 1990, p285-7.
[10]
Ratcliffe, W.A.; Fletcher, S.M.; Moffat, A.C.; et. al.
"Radioimmunoassay of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) in serum and urine
by using antisera of different specificities."
Clinical Chemistry. v23n2, Feb 1977, p169-74.
[11]
Cody, J.T.; Schwarzhoff, R.H.
"Impact of adulterants on RIA analysis of urine for drugs of abuse."
Journal of Analytical Toxicology. v13n5, Sep-Oct 1989, p277-84.
[12]
Klonoff, D.C.
"Acute water intoxication as a complication of urine drug testing in the
workplace."
Journal of the American Medical Association. v265n1, Jan 2 1991, p84-6.
[13]
Christie J.; White, M.W.; Wiles, J.M.
"A chromatographic method for the detection of LSD in biological liquids."
Journal of Chromatography. v120n2, May 26, 1976, p496-501.
[14]
Twitchet, P.J.; Fletcher, S.M.; Sullivan, A.T.; Moffat, A.C.
"Analysis of LSD in human body fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography, fluorescence spectroscopy and radioimmunoassay."
J. Chromatogr. v150n1, March 11 1978, p73-84.
There were rumors going around that LSD could be detected by drug tests fo thirty days. I think this reference and abstract makes it clear that it is probably 4 days, max. (see the end of the abstract)
IDNUM 03319915
TYPE Journal paper
DATE 880715
AUTHOR Heng Keang Lim; Andrenyak, D.; Francom, P.; Foltz, R.L.; Jones, R.T.
Center for Human Toxicology, Utah Univ., Salt Lake City, UT, USA
TITLE Quantification of LSD and N-demethyl-LSD in urine by gas
chromatography/resonance electron capture ionization mass
spectrometry
SOURCE Analytical Chemistry; vol.60, no.14; 15 July 1988; pp. 1420-5
SUBJECT chromatography; electron capture; mass spectroscopic chemical
analysis; organic compounds; quantification; gas chromatography;
resonance electron capture ionisation mass spectrometry; LSD;
N-demethyl-LSD; urine; lysergic acid diethylamide; human; in vitro;
in vivo; aromatic hydroxylation; drug; metabolite;
N-tri-fluoroacetyl derivatives; calibration curves; urinary
concentrations; adult volunteer; excretion; elimination half-lives;
4 to 6 hrs; 8 to 10 hrs
Numerical data: time 1.4E+04 to 2.2E+04 s; time 2.9E+04 to 3.6E+04 s
Class codes: A8280M; A8280B; A3470
CODEN ANCHAM
ABSTRACT Demethylation of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in the human has
been demonstrated, both in vitro and in vivo, and aromatic
hydroxylation at positions 13 and 14 has been tentatively
identified. A gas chromatography/resonance electron capture
ionization mass spectrometry (GC/MS) assay for LSD and
N-demethyl-LSD in urine has been developed, in which the drug and
its metabolite are converted to their N-tri-fluoroacetyl derivatives
prior to GC/MS analysis. Linear and reproducible calibration curves
have been obtained for LSD concentrations from 0.05 to 5.0 ng/mL,
and for N-demethyl-LSD concentrations from 0.03 to 5.0 ng/mL. The
assay was used to determine the urinary concentrations of LSD and
N-demethyl-LSD following administration of a single oral dose of the
drug (1 mu g/kg) to an adult volunteer. The rates of excretion of
LSD and N-demethyl-LSD reached maxima in urine collected at time
intervals of 4-6 and 8-10 h after administration, respectively. The
elimination half-lives for LSD and N-demethyl-LSD were 3.6 and 10.0
h, respectively
MISCELLANEOUS
Treatment: experimental
Anal. Chem. (USA)
Abstract number(s): A89037987
ISSN: 0003-2700
Refs: 15
LEGAL SCHEDULING:
Class I, "no medical use" --- mostly for political reasons, as it was and is used in psychotherapy. (Current use is in Switzerland.)
SET and SETTING:
"SET" is the expectations a person brings with them. "Setting" is the
environment that a person is in. Set includes expectations about the
drug's actions and how the person will react. Setting includes the
social and physical conditions. For LSD and the hallucinogen-type
drug more than other psychoactives, set and setting are very important
in determining the nature of the experience. These factors make the
difference between, e.g., the experiences of someone taking the drug
for enhancement at a concert, for psychotherapy in an doctor's office,
in a religious context, or in the outdoors for an aesthetic
experience. For best results, one should take LSD only with people
one trusts in safe, comfortable surroundings, free of everyday
intrusions. Tripping alone is a very risky thing to do, that
inexperienced people should avoid.
STORAGE:
First, note that LSD is a fairly stable organic molecule, no more or
less fragile than other molecules with comparable structures.
The main factors to be concerned with are moisture (due to leaching
and facilitated chemical reactions in the presense of moisture),
oxygen, light, and temperature. Reaction rates typically depend upon
temperature exponentially. These factors basically apply to all
organic compounds.
Sealing in AL foil in a cool dark place is fine. Some recommend
refridgeration, but be careful about nosy guests, condensation, and frost.
Multiple, redundant seals are suggested, eg., paper in metal foil in
plastic in a metal candy tin which has been taped shut. Should last
at least a presidential term.
Wallets are contraindicated as storage locations due to sweat.
SYNERGIES, BAD COMBINATIONS:
Smoking cannabis products considerably increases the effects,
increasing the visuals and also possibly increasing the cognitive and
linguistic disorders. As the effects of LSD wear off, marijuana may
bring them back, and also ease the jitteriness some dislike. Nitrous
oxide goes well with LSD, though one should be extra careful (not to
suffocate or fall down) with the nitrous because of the effects of the
LSD. MDA & cousins can go well, but people on these drugs should not
take LSD unless they are familiar with the latter's effects.
Alcohol's effects are largely overwhelmed by LSD, and they act in opposite
ways: alcohol being a depressant and LSD being a (hyper)stimulant.
Generally mixing stimulants and sedatives is counterproductive.
MAO inhibitors ???
Amphetamines and cocaine ???
SYNTHESIS:
Don't try it, too difficult and risky both physically and legally. Precursor medical drugs (ob/gyn and migraine ergot alkaloids) are watched.
REFERENCES:
Historical:
Storming Heaven
Ceremonical Chemistry
Acid Dreams
Drugs and the Brain
Psychedelics Reconsidered
Electric Koolaid Acid Test
LSD: My Problem Child
Leary's autobiography (_Flashbacks_)
The Great Drug War
Dealing With Drugs
Use-Informational:
Psychedelic Encyclopedia
Psychedelic Chemistry
Biochemical Basis of Neuro...
Licit & Illicit Drugs
Consumer Reports
Recreational Drugs
Reference:
Merck Handbook,
Physician's Desk Reference
The Botany And Chemistry Of Hallucinogens
Journal:
Journal of psychoactive (formerly psychedelic) drugs
AUTHOR: Cohen, Sidney
AUTHOR AFFILIATION:
U California School of Medicine, Neuropsychiatric
Inst, Los Angeles
TITLE: LSD: The varieties of psychotic experience.
SOURCE: Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 1985 Oct-Dec Vol 17(4)
291-296
ABSTRACT: Discusses the contributing factors (e.g., preexisting
character structure, insecurity, negative experience,
current mood and stress level) and prevention and
treatment of acute and prolonged psychotic reactions
to LSD. (10 ref)
(some more, detailed) References:
J. Psychoactive Drugs Vol 21 (1) Jan-Mar 1989
The Addictvie Behaviors: treatment of alcoholism, drug use, smoking, and
obesity
W.R. Miller, Ed
(small amount of info on use of psychedelics in psychotherapy)
Pergammon press 1986
Biological Basis Of Behavior
N.Chalmers R. Crawley S.P.R.Rose Eds
Open Univ Press Harper & Row1971
Recreational Drugs
Young Klein Beyer
Collier Books, div of Macmillan pub co 1977
The Biochemical Basis Of Neuropharmacology
J.R.Cooper F.E.Bloom R.H.Roth
Oxford Univ Press 1982 (4th ed)
Craving For Ecstasy: Consciousness And Chemistry Of Escape
H.Milkman S.Sunderwirth
Lexington Books, DC Heath and co 1987
A Primer of Drug Action
R.M.Julian
W.H.Freeman & Co.1978
LSD & Creativity
O.Janiger, M.D.de Rios
J. Psychoactive Drugs Vol 21 (1) Jan-Mar 1989
An Introduction To Pharmacology
J.J.Lewis
Williams and wilkins Co, Baltimore 1964 (3rd edition)
Metabolism Of Drugs Of Abuse
Spectrum Publications 1976
Dist by Halstead Press of John Wiley Press
L. Lemberger
Medicinal Chemistry: a series of monographs
G.deStevens Ed
Vol 4: Psychopharmaceutical agents
M. Gordon (ed)
Vol I, ch 13: psychomimetic compounds D.F.Downing
Vol II, ch 4: psychomimetic agents by A.T.Shulgin
Academic press 1976
The Road To Eleusis
Unveiling the secret of the mysteries
R.G.Wasson, A.Hoffman, C.A.P.Ruck
harcourt brace jovanovich inc. 1978
Lsd Man And Society
R.C.Debold, R.C.Leaf Eds
Wesleyan U press
Middletown Conn 1967
Hallucinogenic Plants (A Golden Guide) New York: Golden Press
1976
Shultes, R.E., Smith E.W.
The Sun And The Moon
A.Weil, MD
The Natural Mind
A.Weil, MD 1986
Houghton-mifflin pub co.
Sacred Narcotic Plants Of The New World Indians
H. Schleiffer ed.
Hafner press 1973
Div of mcmillan pub co
Moksha: Writings On Psychedlics And The Visionary Experience
A.C.huxley
stonehill pub co., NY
M.Horowitz, C. palmer Eds 1977
Psychedelic Chemistry
m.v.smith
2nd edition 1973
rip off press
Psychotropic Methoxyamphetamines: Structure And Activity In Man
S.H.Snyder, E.Richelson, H.Weingartner, LA.Faillace
Ethnopharmacological Search For Psychoactive Drugs
Proc of a symposium in sf, ca Jan 28-30 1967
D.H.Efron, B.Holmstedt, N.S.Kline eds
US Dept of HEW
The Botany And Chemistry Of Hallucinogens
R.E.Schultes, A.Hoffman
charles C Thomas Publisher
Springfield Ill 1980
The Behavioral Efffects Of Drugs
(Ch 4 hallucinogens: complications of LSD: a review of the literature;
dimensions of the LSD, methlphenidate, and chlordiazepoxide
experiences; LSD: injection early in pregnancy produces abnormalitie
in offspring of rats; LSD: no teratogenicity in rats congentital
malformation s induced bhy mescaline, LSD, and bromolysergic acid in
the hamster drug motivated-behavior: the effect of morning glory seeds
on motor activity in chicks) (also includes Weil's study of "clinical and
psychological effects of marijuana in man")
D.W. Matheson M.A. Davidson Holt Rinehart
Winston Inc 1972
any textbook titled "Physiological Psychology"
(about visual disturbances: )
Migraine: the evolution of a common disorder
O. Sacks
U CAl press 1970
Brain Damage, Behavior, And The Mind
M. Williams
John Wiley & Sons 1979
ch 5 Disorders of visual perception
Mescal And Mechanisms Of Hallucinations
Heinrich Kluver
U. Chicago Press 1930
Drugs And The Brain
Perry Black MD, Ed
Johns Hopkins Press 1969
behavioral effects of LSD in subhuman primates
Hallucinations
Sci Am
R.K.Siegal
(see also article on phosphenes in amateur scientist column in another issue)
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