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Today, scientists and engineers from many disciplines are assisting the Office of National Drug Control Policy in exploiting advances in science and technology to stem substance abuse and stop the illicit drug trade. The Counterdrug Technology Assessment Center (CTAC) technology development programs support the goals and objectives of the National Drug Control Strategy. This Blueprint Update provides a periodic report on progress achieved this year. The technologies are being developed to advance the capabilities of the medical, academic, scientific and criminal justice communities as they cooperate to solve the drug abuse problem.

CTAC, in consultation with the National Institute on Drug Abuse, is providing the most advanced facilities to the nation's premier teams of medical researchers working on the underlying causes of drug dependence. The goal has been accomplished by providing leading medical research institutions with neuro-imaging facilities, infrastructure, and technology necessary to support their substance abuse research.

Technologies that meet the needs of police officers, narcotics investigation units, and prosecuting attorneys are being pursued, too. These technologies provide improved drug detection, communications, and surveillance devices and methods to share drug crime investigative information. After these technologies are proven at the federal level, they are provided to state and local law enforcement agencies through the continuing Technology Transfer Program. Technology plays an important role in safeguarding our borders from the flow of illicit drugs. To examine shipments as they enter the country coded aperture and neutron probe technologies are being developed. These advanced nonintrusive inspection technology concepts will, in time, replace the X-ray and gamma ray systems now used to search conveyances and cargo for hidden drugs at ports-of-entry.

Barry R. McCaffrey
Director
Office of National Drug Control Policy
Executive Summary

The Counterdrug Technology Assessment Center (CTAC) was established within the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) as the central counterdrug enforcement research and development (R&D) organization of the U.S. Government. The CTAC counterdrug R&D program supports the National Drug Control Strategy and its five goals:

educate and enable America's youth to reject illegal drugs as well as alcohol and tobacco,

increase the safety of America's citizens by substantially reducing drug-related crime and violence,

This sixth Counterdrug R&D Blueprint Update provides the status of the CTAC counterdrug R&D program, the Technology Transfer Program, oversight and coordination activity, and a summary of plans for future counterdrug R&D initiatives. Appendices provide the following related material:

Appendix B provides a listing of scientific and technological needs by technology area and agency,

Appendix D provides the Annual Report on the Development and Deployment of Narcotics Detection Technologies (required by P.L. 105-85), and

The applied technology efforts that comprise the CTAC R&D program address technology for demand reduction in areas, such as, brain imaging technology, therapeutic medications assessment and addiction treatment, and for supply reduction in areas such as drug detection, communications, and surveillance. In 1998, Congress authorized a Technology Transfer Program (TTP) for CTAC to provide successfully developed technologies to State and local law enforcement agencies. Congress continued the TTP program in 1999 and 2000.

In reducing the demand for illicit drugs, CTAC has worked in conjunction with the National Institute on Drug Abuse to provide the most advanced facilities to the nation's premier teams of medical researchers working on the underlying causes of substance abuse, dependence, and addiction. This has been accomplished by providing the leading medical research institutions with the neuro-imaging facilities, infrastructure, and technology necessary to support their substance abuse research programs.

The R&D efforts are heavily concentrated in the area of brain imaging technology and the development of catalytic antibodies, therapeutic drug assessment, treatment effectiveness, juvenile diversion from the criminal justice system, and studies of the use of banned substances in intercollegiate and Olympic sports.

Additionally, the Drug Evaluation Network System backbone is being used to accommodate innovative methodologies for estimating the number of hardcore drug users by region and nationwide. The vision is to provide a system architecture to project drug abuse trends, treatment modalities, and populations at risk across the nation in real time.

In Supply Reduction, efforts are concentrated on finding technological solutions to meet the needs of the officer on the beat. These technologies provide improved communications, surveillance and drug crime information sharing capabilities to make the law enforcement missions more effective, safe, and to ensure successful prosecutions. Technologies proven at the Federal level are being provided to State and local law enforcement through the continuing Technology Transfer Program.

Advanced coded aperture and neutron probe technologies are being developed to examine drug shipments as they enter the country. These advanced nonintrusive inspection technology concepts will, in time, replace the X-ray and gamma ray technology now used to search conveyances and cargo for hidden drugs at our ports-of-entry.

The Technology Transfer Program was established to provide technologies developed with Federal funding directly to State and local law enforcement agencies. The technology areas available for transfer include information technology and analytical tools, communications, tracking and surveillance, and drug detection devices. Hands-on training and limited maintenance support are provided to all recipients.

Over the past two years, the Technology Transfer Program has made possible the delivery of 892 pieces of equipment to 631 State and local law enforcement agencies. The evaluation reports from the recipient agencies indicate that the technologies have been readily integrated into the operations of these State and local agencies. The technologies have contributed to improved counterdrug operations. In general, the result has been an increase in drug-related arrests with a dramatic improvement in officer safety at each agency.

To reach out to the national and international counterdrug R&D community, a fifth International Technology Symposium was held last March in Washington, DC. Last year CTAC also participated in the first United States-United Kingdom (UK) Drug Summit in London, several international scientific meetings, and in technology exchange meetings with the Federal Police of Israel.

The Ten-Year Counterdrug Technology Plan and Development Roadmap organized the technology development efforts of the Federal drug control agencies. Each agency now prepares annual plans, performance reports and five-year strategic plans. CTAC continues to review and monitor the progress of each agency's technology development program based on these submissions.

The Counterdrug Technology Assessment Center (CTAC) was established within the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) and is the central counterdrug enforcement research and development (R&D) organization of the U.S. Government. The counterdrug R&D program supports the five goals of the National Drug Control Strategy (NDCS):

educate and enable America's youth to reject illegal drugs as well as alcohol and tobacco,

increase the safety of America's citizens by substantially reducing drug-related crime and violence,

This sixth Counterdrug R&D Blueprint Update provides the status of the counterdrug R&D program, the Technology Transfer Program, oversight and coordination activity, and a summary of plans for future counterdrug R&D initiatives. Appendices provide the following related material:

Appendix B provides a listing of scientific and technological needs by technology area and agency,

Appendix D provides the Annual Report on the Development and Deployment of Narcotics Detection Technologies (required by P.L. 105-85), and

CTAC's mission is to serve as the central counterdrug enforcement research and development organization of the U.S. Government. Since 1992, Congress has appropriated funding to sponsor a counterdrug R&D program to advance the technological capabilities of Federal drug control agencies responsible for both supply and demand reduction activities. In 1998, CTAC's role was expanded to support a program to transfer successful counterdrug technologies developed with federal funding directly to State and local law enforcement agencies. The Technology Transfer Program (TTP) concentrates on providing state-of-the-art, affordable, easily integrated and maintainable tools to enhance the capabilities of State and local law enforcement agencies (LEAs) for counterdrug missions. Special emphasis was placed on providing technology to LEAs within High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas (HIDTA).

In Fiscal Year 1999 and 2000, annual appropriations of $16 million were received to sponsor counterdrug technology development initiatives and annual appropriations of $13 and $13.25 million, respectively, to continue the Technology Transfer Program. These funds were used to support those areas shown in Figure 1 which correspond to ONDCP's FY 2001 Annual Performance Plan and FY 1999 Performance Report. 1.2 Federal Budgets for Counterdrug Research and Development

Those expenditures reported for drug-related R&D by the Federal drug control agencies are listed in Table 1.

The CTAC R&D program can be separated into functional areas based on each project's application to either demand reduction or supply reduction activities. Individual R&D projects address technology needs related to demand reduction in areas such as brain imaging technology, therapeutic medications assessment and addiction treatment, and related to supply reduction in areas such as drug detection, communications, and surveillance. The R&D program also includes operational test and evaluation activities to evaluate off-the-shelf and emerging technology prototypes for use in the field. 2.1 Demand Reduction

The Demand Reduction technology development program supports the NDCS, Goal 3: Reduce health and social costs to the public of illegal drug use. CTAC, in conjunction with the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), is committed to improving the tools available for world-class research scientists to explore and understand the underlying causes of substance abuse, dependence, and addiction. The Demand Reduction program provides the nation's leading medical research institutions with the technology and equipment necessary to support their research teams and faculties. The R&D efforts are heavily concentrated in the area of brain imaging technology and the development of catalytic antibodies, therapeutic drug assessment, treatment effectiveness, juvenile diversion from the criminal justice system, and studies of the use of banned substances in intercollegiate and Olympic sports.

For the past two years, CTAC has been sponsoring brain imaging technology development projects that complement one another in contributing to the sound understanding of the most complex human organ and behavior known.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to map brain reward circuitry, blood volume and flow associated with drug metabolism and interactions with potential therapeutic medicines (Massachusetts General Hospital and Emory University).

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) for ultra high resolution of neurobiological substrates of addiction via use of radioisotope tracers (University of Pennsylvania).

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) to image the drug's metabolic and chemical processes (Harvard University/McLean Hospital).

For several years, Columbia University has been synthesizing highly active protein compounds of catalytic antibodies. The objective is to produce an anti-cocaine medication that acts as a peripheral blocker. This approach reduces serum cocaine concentrations in the blood thereby depriving the cocaine abuser of the behavioral reinforcing effect of the drug. A promising candidate compound (15A10) has been demonstrated to be effective in blocking cocaine in small animals.

Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center at Emory University has found that analogs of certain phenyltropane compounds prove to be effective candidate compounds for agonist medications to combat cocaine abuse. The team, partially under CTAC sponsorship, has recently characterized eighteen NIDA-identified compounds in rodents and is now testing two of the best candidates in monkey models. The ideal pretreatment time and doses for RTI 177 have been determined.

For the past three years, the Center for Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) at Columbia University has been developing the Drug Evaluation Network System (DENS). DENS is a central computer system using the latest database and executive information system technology. It contains algorithms to evaluate and monitor substance abuse treatment programs by tracking, in real time, patients entering treatment, their characteristics and discharge status. This information is online and made available to treatment providers, researchers and managers. The DENS software architecture can host a variety of trend and treatment effectiveness methodologies. It currently is being configured to support the following two methodologies.

The National Evaluation of Substance Abuse Treatment (NESAT) is a nationally representative, randomly selected longitudinal study of 2,000 patients enrolled in treatment for drug and/or alcohol abuse at 200 programs nationwide. The study is designed to document the range of effectiveness of various treatment modalities and to identify those patient and program characteristics that are predictive of successful outcomes. Treatment programs were selected and periodic interviews were conducted. Follow-up interviews have started for the initial patients.

The Random Access Monitoring of Narcotic Addicts (RAMONA) provides national estimates of the size of the hardcore drug using population in the United States. It is based on a methodology demonstrated in Cook County, IL for estimating the number of drug users in a given geographic area based on arrest, shelter stay, and treatment admission activity.

A project is being conducted by the New Orleans District Attorney's Office to improve approaches for drug abuse treatment on new youth offenders involved in substance abuse. This 33-month research project examines the effectiveness of two therapeutic approaches with 12 to 16 year old, first-time, non-violent juvenile arrestees who are substance abusers. These juveniles have their case "diverted" out of the normal judicial process, pending completion of program requirements.

Eligible juvenile arrestees who volunteer for the study are randomly assigned to one of three groups: two "diverted" groups or a third control group where the juveniles face normal prosecution. Changes in outcome measures are examined from information obtained through follow-up contacts at approximately 6 and 12 months following arrest. These measures include self-reported drug use, drug testing results, criminal recidivism and aspects of psychological functioning.

A comprehensive analysis of the use of banned substances and drugs of abuse among Olympic, professional, collegiate and high school athletes in America is being sponsored to identify more effective substance abuse testing, sanctions and treatment. The analysis will identify problematic substances, masking agents, and gaps in current testing procedures. Recommendations will be developed for how future research into new testing procedures should be directed.

The Supply Reduction Technology Development, Test and Evaluation initiatives address Goal 2 and Goal 4 of the NDCS. The supply reduction program addresses applied developments in technology areas such as nonintrusive inspection, tactical technologies and test and evaluation. The goal of the supply reduction program is to support improved counterdrug capabilities that transcend the need of any single Federal agency. Additionally, CTAC resources in supply reduction are concentrated on those applications that also can be transitioned to the State and local agencies under the Technology Transfer Program.

CTAC works closely with the Federal drug control agencies, especially the U.S. Customs Service and Department of Defense, in the development and evaluation of nonintrusive inspection systems for the detection of illicit drugs concealed in cargo, containers, and conveyances. CTAC's concentrates its efforts on the development of the higher risk technologies, such as, gamma ray and neutron-based inspection systems.

A project is being conducted to develop and evaluate a fixed-site gamma ray imaging system for the inspection of railroad cars. The system design is based upon prototypes developed for vehicle and truck inspections. Using a stationary radioactive source and detectors, the system is expected to image rail cars at a speed of 5 mph.

Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) are developing an advanced means of signal processing for neutron interrogation techniques for cargo inspection. The goal is to overcome some of the primary disadvantages of X-ray and large-scale neutron systems; including the need for particle accelerators, mechanical scanning, and tight pulsing while reducing system costs.

A drug detection dog-breeding center has been established in conjunction with the U.S. Customs Service. The breeding strategy is based upon quantitative genetic principles proven by the Australian Customs Service. The U.S. program is following the Australian protocols and ultimately may open the way for a worldwide canine gene pool.

CTAC assists law enforcement agencies in applying state-of-the-art tactical tools to exploit the capabilities of high-speed computer and communications networks to meet operational counterdrug technical needs. This program continues investigations into the use of computer networks and case-building software tools for law enforcement applications.

Software tools under development include data mining, link analysis, and multimedia case management applications. Demonstration projects with State and local law enforcement agencies on computer-based drug crime data sharing technologies have been conducted in California, Idaho, Iowa, and Colorado. Operational systems are located in Texas, New York and New Hampshire. Successful projects will be made available for transition to other State and local law enforcement organizations through the Technology Transfer Program. An evaluation of mobile/transportable drug destruction technologies also was conducted for the Drug Enforcement Administration.

2.2.3 Test and Evaluation Support This work area includes efforts such as technology assessments, phenomenology research, and test and evaluation of emerging and advanced systems. The test and evaluation activity includes advanced concept theoretical studies and experimental evaluations in operational testbeds of promising law enforcement systems. For example, CTAC sponsored a test and evaluation program to assess the performance of tracking and navigation systems (such as, GPS based systems) as they are used in counterdrug law enforcement applications.

The fiscal year 1998 appropriations for ONDCP directed CTAC to establish a $13,000,000 Counterdrug Technology Transfer Pilot Program (TTP). The program was continued in fiscal year 1999 ($13,000,000) and fiscal year 2000 ($13,250,000). A web site located at www.epgctac.com has been established to provide up-to-date information.

The TTP was established to provide technologies developed with federal funding directly to State and local law enforcement agencies that may otherwise be unable to benefit from the developments due to limited budgets or lack of technological expertise. This program matches existing technology systems with state or local law enforcement agencies in need of those technologies and funds the technology transfer. Priority is given to identifying candidates located in designated HIDTAs and CTAC also weighs the ability and willingness of potential recipients to share in the costs of new technology, either through in-kind or direct contributions. The technology areas available for transfer include information technology and analytical tools, communications, tracking and surveillance, and drug detection devices.

The conference report that accompanied the enabling legislation directed CTAC to submit a performance evaluation of the Technology Transfer Program and a strategic plan for countrywide deployment of technology. Blueprint Update Appendix A provides the language for Conference Report 105-284 and Appendix E provides excerpts from the evaluation report, which was submitted, to Congress on September 20, 1999.

The $26,000,000 appropriated over the past two years has made possible the delivery of 892 pieces of equipment to 631 State and local law enforcement agencies. These transfers were sufficient to satisfy the first, second, or third priority request of these agencies. Hands-on training and limited maintenance support are provided to all recipients. The comments from the recipient agencies indicate that the technologies provided by the program have resulted in improved operational capabilities that otherwise would not have been possible because of limited budgets or lack of technical expertise.

CTAC heads the Interagency Working Group for Technology (IAWG-T) that is composed of technology representatives from each of the Federal drug control agencies. This forum is used to oversee and coordinate counterdrug technology development initiatives that transcend Federal agency lines of responsibility. Supporting activities include a variety of regional one-day workshops at the State and local level, technical symposia, interagency working group meetings and ad hoc studies to promote the exchange of relevant information throughout the entire scientific and technical community. These outreach activities serve to reduce unnecessary duplication of effort and provide the mechanism for CTAC to oversee and coordinate counterdrug technology initiatives with other Government agencies.

The fifth International Counterdrug Technology Symposium, held March 8-10, 1999 in Washington, DC provides an example of the coordination and oversight efforts provided by CTAC. Over 100 technical papers were presented with an attendance of 400 medical research scientists, engineers and law enforcement professionals from academic, Federal, State and local organizations.

transfer of federally developed technology directly to State and local law enforcement organizations.

These areas of work concentrate on those counterdrug technologies needed by all Federal drug control agencies as outlined in the Ten-Year Counterdrug Technology Plan and Development Roadmap.

In support of Goal 3: Reduce health and social costs to the public of illegal drug use.

Resources will be applied to initiatives that complement those of the National Institute on Drug Abuse in prevention and treatment research, and the development of state-of-the-art medical research instrumentation and equipment. R&D program initiatives support and highlight research and technology, including the acquisition and analysis of scientific data, to reduce health and social costs of illegal drug use.

Expansion of advanced neuroimaging research facilities and training of research teams who are devoted to studies of drug abuse and therapeutic medications. The technology will provide neuro-imaging research equipment suites and facilities with the best positron emission tomography (PET), functional nuclear magnetic resonance (fNMR) imaging, brain scan image processing and interpretation, and other noninvasive brain imaging techniques.

Contribute to the development of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) systems development or improvements to image the drug's metabolic and chemical processes, map brain reward circuitry, blood volume and flow associated with drug metabolism, analyze interactions with potential therapeutic medicines, ligand development, and study of localized active areas of the brain.

Micro-PET with stereotactic probes/injectors to enhance ligand development and studies on small localized areas of the brain and on non-human primates.

Scientific studies and technologies that could provide the platform for key research areas such as: catalytic antibodies as peripheral blockers or circulating drug interceptors; substitute medications and partial agonists for addiction; blocking drug effects by regulating uptake of neurotransmitters; curtailment of drug-induced adaptive behavior such as compulsive self-administration; assessment of functional neuroanatomy and effects of cognitive impairment; pharmacological phenomena and neurochemical effects relating to sensitization and tolerance; cue induced craving; significance of various rewards; the study of the effects and degree of genetic contributions to drug use; and sound clinical techniques, rehabilitation, and treatment protocols to deal with overdoses, withdrawal, and long term maintenance.

Psychology, pharmacology, and chemical assay techniques to improve our understanding of the effects of drugs on the body, techniques for assessing and monitoring drug addiction and abuse severity, and techniques for treatment/client matching.

Drug testing in sports, investigate innovative approaches for screening for doping and other performance enhancing substances and drugs currently not detectable by urine tests, and to develop cheaper test procedures for handling urine specimens collected from competing athletes. Systems, methods, and protocols that will assist understanding and detecting the use of performance-enhancing drugs such as anabolic and androgenic steroids by athletes competing locally, nationally, and internationally.

Youth/first time offender diversion, expansion of the analytical capabilities of the National Evaluation of Substance Abuse Treatment computer network, and therapeutic treatments for cocaine addiction.

CTAC's plan is based upon priority scientific and technological needs. The outstanding priority scientific and technological needs for U.S. Customs Service, Department of Defense, U.S. Coast Guard, Drug Enforcement Administration, Immigration and Naturalization Service, National Institute of Justice and Federal Bureau of Investigation are listed in Appendix B. The direction of CTAC's R&D program is established according to the following criteria:

Address broad-based, multi-agency needs that transcend the requirements of any single agency,

Concentrate on those applications that will lead to transfer to the Technology Transfer Program.

Last year, CTAC participated in the bilateral meetings held at the first United States-United Kingdom (UK) Drug Summit in London. CTAC also held its first joint project-planning meeting in Israel. Based on the success of these meetings, the cooperative efforts with the UK (Police Scientific Development Branch) will be expanded to include an R&D project to develop a hand held roadside drug testing breathalyzer-type system. The meeting with the Israeli Federal Police has lead to a project for tactical intelligence support data relay to officers at the scene of a drug crime.

Areas of work that support future activities include technologies for nonintrusive inspection of conveyances and cargo containers, and for tactical use in daily activities.

In support of Goal 4: Shield America's air, land, and sea frontiers from the drug threat.

R&D program initiatives will support and highlight research and technology, including the development of scientific information and data to detect, disrupt, deter, and seize illegal drugs in transit to the United States and at U.S. borders.

A project is planned with the Police Science Development Branch of the Home Office (UK) to extend the use of Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Spectroscopy (SERRS) technology, currently being used for detection of explosives, to applications to detect illicit drugs. The feasibility of using Raman spectrometry in a drug analyzer to detect drugs in solid mixtures is also being considered in conjunction with the DEA, Customs and Coast Guard.

Priority needs in nonintrusive inspection technology (from Appendix B) for which CTAC will solicit advanced concepts are:

rapid location of drugs "secreted" on-board maritime vessels during at-sea and port-side searches,

accurate signatures for detectable illicit drug emissions in operational environments for physical and chemical detection,

portable/transportable capability to detect and classify drugs and contraband in vessels, compartments and containers of all sizes.

In support of Goal 2: Increase the safety of America's citizens by substantially reducing drug related crime and violence.

R&D initiatives strengthen Federal law enforcement capabilities to combat drug-related violence, disrupt criminal organizations, and arrest and prosecute the leaders of illegal drug syndicates through the development of advanced technology tools. The tactical technologies effort supports development of advanced techniques and concepts for drug detection, location and monitoring of clandestine methamphetamine labs, surveillance, tracking, and communications technologies for daily operations. These technologies are also candidates for transfer to State and local law enforcement organizations with similar requirements.

Priority needs in tactical technologies (from Appendix B) for which CTAC will solicit advanced concepts are:

improved communications systems to share data across platforms, including tactical picture, from multiple sensor inputs: voice, data imagery, tactical situation information,

web-based intelligence/information architecture. Identification of potentially suspicious activity and of aggregate patterns and trends from large databases by linking together relevant information and by search for similar (versus identical) information,

the capability to combine future wide bandwidth Internet devices with full or near full motion video imaging,

miniature, low power GPS tracking devices which utilize national terrestrial packet switch communications networks,

miniature, low power GPS data loggers embedded in common equipment and packages,

night vision capability, including fixed and mobile long range surveillance target acquisition systems, wearable goggles, hand-held "pocket" units,

This CTAC program element provides testbeds, instrumentation and engineering support to perform testing of prototype systems in operational environments. Planned testbed efforts include covert tags, video stabilization, wireless intercept systems, methamphetamine laboratory analysis techniques, tactical communications systems and communications interoperability technology. Federally sponsored tactical and nonintrusive inspection systems qualified as mature by the testbed program will be considered for the Technology Transfer Program.

CTAC also sponsors international technical symposia, leadership conferences and workshops to gather the latest developments in prevention, treatment and counterdrug law enforcement technologies for world-class research scientists and user experts to evaluate the advancing state-of-the-art.

The latest information on the Technology Transfer Program can be accessed on-line at www.epgctac.com. Over the past three years, CTAC has sponsored 18 regional one-day workshops and/or meetings to promote the use of advanced technology and increase an awareness of the Technology Transfer Program. The goal of the TTP is to demonstrate the impact and benefit of advanced systems to State and local law enforcement organizations. Some of these benefits include improved use of personnel resources, increased officer safety, better time efficiency, and reduced crime.

The strategy for nationwide deployment of technology will continue to concentrate on:

support the officer on the street with high technology tools to increase effectiveness of personnel resources and improve officer safety by continuing the transfer of systems to requesting agencies,

target specialized law enforcement groups and organizations that will benefit from the successful deployment of more complex, larger scale systems for communications interoperability and data mining applications in support of longer-term drug trafficking conspiracy investigations. This will be accomplished by refining the outreach effort and increasing the training provided to receiving agencies, and

assure that the optimum set of technologies is being offered. This effort will include the introduction of new technologies to the program, improvements to existing systems, and elimination of technologies that no longer meet operational requirements or can be replaced with next-generation technology.

In the Demand Reduction area, technology and infrastructure capabilities that complement NIDA initiatives in prevention and treatment research are being pursued. Additionally, the DENS backbone is being used to accommodate innovative methodologies for estimating the number of hardcore drug users by region and nationwide. The vision is to provide a system architecture to project drug abuse trends, treatment modalities, and populations at risk across the nation in real time.

In Supply Reduction, efforts are concentrated on finding technological solutions to meet the needs of the officer on the beat. These technologies provide improved communications, surveillance and drug crime information sharing capabilities to make the law enforcement missions more effective and safe. Technologies proven at the Federal level are being provided to State and local law enforcement through the continuing Technology Transfer Program.

An outreach program was begun several years ago which included one-day regional workshops held at strategic locations across the country. These workshops served to increase the awareness of technologies developed by Federal agencies that could improve operations for State and locals. The success of the Technology Transfer Program, made possible with funding from Congress, has demonstrated that the users at the State and local level are eager to receive advanced tools, but they need associated training and support to effectively deploy new systems.

Counterdrug Technology Transfer Program Performance Evaluation Report and Strategic Plan, Office of National Drug Control Policy, Counterdrug Technology Assessment Center, 1999.

FY 2001 Annual Performance Plan and FY 1999 Performance Report, Office of National Drug Control Policy, 1999.

Counterdrug Research and Development Blueprint Update, Office of National Drug Control Policy, Counterdrug Technology Assessment Center, NCJ-174434, 1999.

National Drug Control Strategy, Performance Measures of Effectiveness: Implementation and Findings, Office of National Drug Control Policy, NCJ-

National Drug Control Strategy, Budget Volume, Office of National Drug Control Policy, NCJ-174461, 1999.

National Drug Control Strategy, Office of National Drug Control Policy, NCJ-174460, 1999.

ONDCP International Technology Symposium Proceedings, Office of National Drug Control Policy, Counterdrug Technology Assessment Center, NCJ-176973, 1999.

Ten-Year Counterdrug Technology Plan and Development Roadmap, Office of National Drug Control Policy, Counterdrug Technology Assessment Center, NCJ-172201, 1998.

General Counterdrug Intelligence Plan

by ONDCP